Answer: a. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt
Explanation:
Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is a proof that is close to certainty. Once there's an evidence for a case, that's enough.
A cyclist was riding on a sidewalk when someone in a parked car suddenly opened the door of the car into her path. she swerved to avoid the car door and rode onto a landowner's property, damaging some plastic lawn ornaments of waterfowl placed in his front yard. in a suit by the landowner against the cyclist for the damage to his lawn ornaments, what is the likely result?
a) the cyclist is liable because she had no privilege to enter onto the landowner's property.
b) whether the cyclist is liable depends on whether she was exercising due care.
c) the cyclist is liable for the damage to the lawn ornaments even though her entry was privileged.
d) the cyclist is not liable for the damage to the lawn ornaments because her entry was privileged.
Answer:
The correct option is C: The cyclist is liable for the damage to the lawn ornaments even though her entry was privileged.
Explanation:
It is clear that the cyclist may not have had the right to enter the front yard of the landowner, less destroy her ornament, they would still be held liable by the court for the damage done to the lawn ornament even if the cyclist was privileged. The court also did not know what caused the accident and the cyclist cannot prove that she didn't break the ornament, because obviously, she did.
Tom is looking to buy a new laptop battery online. He wants to save money by buying used, but the problem is that he doesn't know how much life is left in the battery he's going to buy. This problem of asymmetric information could lead to:
Answer: Market failure
Explanation:
Market failure is the economic situation defined by an inefficient distribution of goods and services in the free market.
ane is having trouble sleeping. As she sits in bed looking around the darkened room, she
notices that her peripheral vision seems to be better than her central vision. This is because vision in a low light conditions _____.
A. depends on the rods
B. depends on the cones
C. doesn't require the use of the pupil
D. doesn't require the retina
Answer: A) depends on the rods
Explanation:
Rods are the components that helps in providing vision in dim or low amount of light.Rods provides the ability to see objects around us at night but does not provide facility of color vision because of light sensitivity.
According to the question,Jane is able to see things due to the peripheral vision provided by the rods in night time but isn't able to identify the colors.
Other options are incorrect because cones, pupil and retina are not the factors that provide low-light vision to people.Thus, the correct option is option(A).
Government powers in a(n) _____ are divided between a central government and regional, or subnational, governments.
Answer:
Don't know the right way to say it in the context of the question, but it should be federalism
Explanation:
Federalism is the system of government in which power is divided between a central government and regional governments.
The division of governmental powers between central and regional governments is called a federal system.
Option D is correct.
What is meant by central government?Central government is the one that regulates the whole country and is considered to be the highest authority.
Federal system refers to a governmental system where the powers are resided in two types of government namely, federal or national government and state or sub-national government. The main focus of division of power is done with a view that not all powers should be vested in only one authority.
Question's missing part:
The options are given as follows:
a. anarchic system
b. totalitarian system
c. unitary system
d. federal system
Therefore, the system indicated in the provided statement is a federal system.
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On a long transcontinental flight, a middle-aged man gets up and exercises in the aisle, moving his hands, feet, arms, and legs as much as he can. He does this every two hours. The flight attendant asks him to sit down, but he explains that he is trying to prevent a very dangerous medical condition. He is talking about:
Answer:Deep vein thrombosis, or DVT
Explanation:Deep vein thrombosis, or DVT,is a condition that results from a blood clot which occurs in a vein deep within the body. Usually it occurs in lower leg or thigh and may result to swelling which is referred to as thrombophlebitis.
It can affect the lungs when it breaks to the whole body and my cause pulmonary embolism in the lungs.
It may be caused by certain medical conditions,or if you sit without any movement for a long time such as sitting in an airplane.
"Two very different emotions, like fear and anger, are nevertheless both characterized by negative valence and high arousal. Lisa Feldman-Barrett proposed a solution to account for the difference experienced in these similar emotions. According to her, fear and anger share a ________ but the emotional experience differs based on the ____________"
Answer:
Core affect; conceptualization process
Explanation:
According to Lisa Lisa Feldman-Barrett, fear and anger share a core affect, but the emotional experience differs based on the conceptualization process. Different emotions have different core affect. While happiness and sadness are usually as a result of the psychological needs, also known as the hedonic value of the stimulus, fear and anger are due to the need for safety, which implies the way the stimulus occurs.
While we expect researchers to use theory when developing statistical models, it is possible to conduct descriptive studies. What is the safest way to do research without theory? Question 18 options: A.Conduct an exploratory study. B.Conduct a transformative study. C.Conduct an ANOVA. D.Conduct a mixed methods study.
Answer: D. Conduct a Mixed Methods study
Explanation:
answer
Four main techniques for an exploratory investigation
Document review. ...
Interviews. ...
Surveys (face-to-face or online) ...
Field observation.
Power transformer tests
a) Power factor test. ...
b) Insulation resistance test: It is the resistance (in Megohms) offered by an insulation when a direct current voltage is applied to it for a given time. ...
c) Transformation ratio test. ...
d) Ohmic resistance test to windings.
The Anova requires compliance with the following assumptions:
The populations (probability distributions of the dependent variable corresponding to each factor) are normal.
The K samples on which the treatments are applied are independent.
The populations all have equal variance (homoscedasticity).
Mixed methods (MM) combine the quantitative (quanti) and qualitative (quali) perspective in the same study, with the aim of giving depth to the analysis when the research questions are complex.
____ is not expected in structured processes, nor is it generally appreciated or rewarded, unlike in the case of dynamic processe
Answer: Innovation
Explanation: Structured and dynamic processes are organizational principles adopted for performing organizational duties.
In structured processes, formal guidelines are adopted, business rules and principles are planned out by the organization and individual discretion isn't welcome.
In dynamic processes, flexible and informal and are subject to applying one's wisdom and innovation in other to get the job done. Business and managerial rules are not as stringent as in structured processes.
Priming one thought, even without awareness, can influence another thought, or an action. Unnoticed events can subtly prime our thinking and behavior Group of answer choices True False
Answer:
Priming one thought, even without awareness, can influence another thought, or an action and unnoticed events can subtly prime our thinking and behavior are TRUE statements.
Explanation:
The concept of priming of thoughts refers to one thought getting impacted by a stimulus produced by the other thought that is implanted from an extrinsic source. This influence of one thought on the other often causes an individual to change decisions regarding both significant or insignificant issues pertaining to events happening in day to day life.Sally found that neither caffeine nor extraversion individually predicted problem solving; however, she found that they both worked together to predict problem solving. This is an example of what kind of an effect________
Answer: A true interaction
Explanation:
Sally is able to recognize the interaction between caffeine and extraversion despite they don't solve problems but because they work together to predict problem solving.
The general rule is that a case is accepted by the U.S. Supreme Court for decision only if that case has nationwide significance." Is this statement true or false?
A) True
B) False
Answer: Yes, that is a true statement! When a case is within a District then that District has to abide by that law; however, the Nation is not under the same law until the case goes to the Supreme Court and it is affirmed.
Answer:
Explanation:
As the Supreme court of most nations is the the highest court of law in Federal Jurisdiction likewise is the Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court of law in the United States. The United States Supreme Court was established in the year 1789 through the Judicial Act of 1789.
The officials of the United States Supreme court are nominated by the President of the United States and the nomination can be confirmed through the United States senate.
Now let us take a look at the statement in the question;
'' The general rule is that a case is accepted by the U.S. Supreme Court for decision only if that case has nationwide significance''.
The above statement is true because if the case is not affecting the nation in one way or the other, the case can be solved in district courts.
At the beginning of the Inferno the pilgrim hesitates before entering the underworld. He does so not out of fear, but out of a sense of unworthiness: he is about to follow in the steps of _________ whose story was told by Virgil.
Answer:
Dante Alighieri
Explanation:
Dante Alighieri, (Florence 1265-Ravenna 1321), Italian poet, known for writing the Divine Comedy, one of the fundamental works of universal literature for representing the transition from medieval to Renaissance thought.
In this epic poem, Dante's Alter Ego, the Pilgrim, travels through hell and purgatory to reach heaven. His journey is intended to impress readers with the consequences of sin and the glory of heaven.
The spirit of the poet Virgil, guides the Pilgrim through the circles of hell, leading the "pilgrim" where they will witness the terrible punishments that sinners must endure because of their liberal lives.
In the second section, Purgatory, the Pilgrim will meet the souls of those who wait to ascend to Heaven and do penance for their sins. In order to enter the gates of heaven, they will first have to cleanse themselves of their impurities.
In the third section, the Pilgrim reaches heaven. On his way there, he navigates through space and sees the planets, which are inhabited by saints. Witnessing the majesty of God in His true glory, the Pilgrim returns to earth to write this same poem.
Answer: Aeneas
Explanation: the pilgrim referred to here is Dante and he hesitated because he wondered if he was worthy of making the journey as he compared himself to two people who had made the journey before him and thought himself not as worthy as they were.
Virgil told the story of Aeneas in book 6 of his Aeneid where he recounted Aeneas's pilgrimage to the underworld in order to learn about his destiny. Aeneas encountered his deceased father, Anchises who showed him his future descendants that became Roman heroes.
Dante eventually entered the underworld with Virgil as his guide throughout. Virgil made a good guide as he had already been in the Inferno in his mind while writing his Aeneid.
After notice-and-comment rulemaking, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) issues a new rule and applies it to Clearcut Timber Company. Clearcut appeals to the application to the federal court. The court will most likely defer to the BLM's interpretation of?
a. the facts and the law.
b. procedural requirements.
c. the agency's authority.
d. the constitution.
Answer:
a. the facts and the law.
Explanation:
The court will most likely defer to the BLM's interpretation of the facts and the law.
The Bureau of land management is an agency within the united States of America which basically deals with the issues and management of lands owned by the public.
It also provides with necessary funds needed to rehabilitate public pieces of lands that can be later used for recreational purposes.
Answer:
b
Explanation:
lons are unequally distributed across the plasma membrane of all cells. This ion distribution contributes to the creation of an electrical potential difference across the membrane. What is the name given to this potential difference?
A) Threshold potential
B) Action potential
C) Resting membrane potential
D) Hyperpolarization
Answer:
C) Resting membrane potential
Explanation:
The resting membrane potential is the baseline potential that can be recorded across the plasma membrane of an excitable cell prior to excitation.
Final answer:
The potential difference across the plasma membrane of cells, contributed by the unequal distribution of ions, is called the resting membrane potential, typically ranging from -50mV to -70mV.
Explanation:
The potential difference created across the plasma membrane of cells due to the unequal distribution of ions is called the resting membrane potential. This potential is established as a result of the selective permeability of the plasma membrane to certain ions and the active transport mechanisms such as the Na+/K+ ATPase, which pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. Ions like Na+, K+, and Cl- contribute to this electrochemical gradient. The resting membrane potential typically ranges between -50mV to -70mV, with -70 mV being commonly cited. The resting membrane potential is essential for functions such as the conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is
A. perceptual organization.
B. conjunction.
C. perceptual fusion.
D. perceptual discriminability.
Answer: A. Perceptual Organization
Explanation: Perceptual Organization simply means making groupings or merging objects using sensory information. Arranging pieces of information especially visual concepts into coherent units is called perceptual Organization. Perceptual Organization enables us to make sense of bits of information when pitched together thus enabling us to determine the meaning as a coherent information. Perceptual Organization can also be applied in auditory senses making use of sound attributes to form a perception.
Perceptual organization is the process by which our brains group small objects together to form larger, complex objects. This concept is used to explain how we perceive and understand our visual surroundings.
Explanation:The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is known as perceptual organization. This is a psychological concept that pertains to how we perceive and make sense of the visual stimuli or objects around us. Our brains use perceptual organization to sort and break down complex images into simpler, manageable components, thereby forming a coherent representation of our surroundings. For example, when we look at a forest, we group all the trees together instead of seeing them as individual objects scattered randomly.
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Long-term memory can be broken up into two broad types: memory that requires conscious recall, referred to as _____ memory, and memory that does not require conscious recall, or _____ memory.
Answer:
Explicit Memory
Implicit Memory
Explanation:
Explicit Memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts. It is a gradual learning, with multiple presentations of a stimulus and response.
Implicit Memory refers to unconscious memories.
Long-term memory features two central categories: explicit (or declarative) memory which necessitates conscious recall, and implicit memory which does not require conscious recall.
Explanation:Long-term memory can be broken up broadly into two types: explicit memory and implicit memory. These two categories encompass different ways in which we store and recall information over a long period of time.
Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, requires conscious recall. It includes episodic memory, which is memory of our personal experiences and specific events, and semantic memory that pertains to storing general world knowledge, facts, or ideas.
On the other hand, implicit memory does not require conscious recall. This type includes things like procedural memory, for tasks we perform routinely without conscious thought, such as brushing our teeth or driving a car, and also memories that are formed and influenced by previous experiences no matter if we remember those experiences or not. It is an automatic and unconscious process.
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Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu was a French political thinker who argued that a. democratic governments inevitably descend into anarchy. b. slavery was morally just if used as punishment for a crime. c. power needed to be balanced by power as a bulwark against tyranny. d. government must take ownership over the means of economic production.
Answer:
c. power needed to be balanced by power as a bulwark against tyranny.
Explanation:
Baron de la Brède et de Montesquieu was a great french political philosopher. Montesquieu was an early originator of balance of power among the three branches of government(executive,judiciary, and legislative) in his "separation of powers". He believed the equal but different powers among these branches of government was important to balance these powers, putting a check on each and preventing too much power with one individual-tyranny.
Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true?a. Their values become fused into a person’s identity. b. They are usually small and long-lasting. c. They involve intimate, face-to-face interaction. d. They tend to be based on specific roles or activities.
Answer:
i believe its B.
Explanation:
Statements about secondary groups is true b. They are usually small and long-lasting.
Secondary group. people who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task. secondary relationships.Examples of these would be employment, vendor-to-client relationships, a doctor, a mechanic, an accountant, and such. A university class, an athletic team, and workers in an office all likely form secondary groups.A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal.Secondary groups are often larger and impersonal. They may also be task-focused and time-limited. These groups serve an instrumental function rather than an expressive one, meaning that their role is more goal- or task-oriented than emotional. One's fellow students or coworkers can be examples of a secondary group.A secondary group increases efficiency of its members. To fulfill their self interest and specific goals all the members work efficiently. A clear cut division of labor is found among the members. A formal authority is set up and a set of rules are formulated to manage and regulate the secondary group efficiently.Learn more about, refer
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Which of the following is a type of descriptive research that involves tracking the responses of the same sample of respondents over time? A. Longitudinal design B. Experiments C. Telemarketing D. Cross-sectional design E. Casual research
Answer:A. Longitudinal design
Explanation: Longitudinal study is a study used to observe relationship that occurs between variables over a period of time excluding their background information.
This observational study observes a group of people who share similarities or similar characteristics , following them over an extended period. Data collection is taken from the outset and get repeated over the length of time in this way researchers are able to see how variables change over time.
Like studying how exercise affect a group of people all over the age of 45 to 50 and observing them over a period of a year this would be a Longitudinal study.
Longitudinal design is the descriptive research that involves tracking the responses of the same sample of respondents over time.
Longitudinal design study :
It is a type of correlation research study.Here, the researchers examines the same individuals repeatedly to detect for any changes which might occur over a period of time.It is observational study, where the researcher does not interfere with their subjects but keep a track of the sample.Learn More :
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Tess agrees to sleep in an artificial setting for three nights so that researchers can obtain information about her brain and muscle activity during sleep. She is taking part in a research method called _________.
Answer: laboratory observation
Explanation:
Laboratory observation is observing the behavior of subjects/people in a particular environment. This is what the researcher's intend doing for the three days Tess has been at sleep in the artificial setting.
Delta Airlines recently touted its inclusion on the prestigious Dow Jones Sustainability Index, a financial index aimed at recognizing environmental leaders within industries. Such an event is an example of how the changing _______ preferences of consumers can alter the threat of _______ among existing industry incumbents.A. economic, substitutes
B. environmental, rivalry
C. legal, rivalry
D. political, substitutes
Answer:
B. environmental, rivalry
Explanation:
Delta Airlines recently touted its inclusion on the prestigious Dow Jones Sustainability Index, a financial index aimed at recognizing environmental leaders within industries. Such an event is an example of how the changing environmental preferences of consumers can alter the threat of rivalry among existing industry incumbents. Due to the call for sustainable environmental practices, businesses are becoming more environmental conscious and becoming more environmental friendly in their practices, this new consciousness and change in business practices could alter the competition and rivalry among existing industry incumbents as they will all want to shift their practices to support sustainability.
______________ functioning of individuals with intellectual disabilities includes poor memory, slow learning rates, attention problems, difficulty maintaining and generalizing what they have learned, and poor motivation.
Answer: Cognitive Function
Explanation:
Cognitive functioning refers to multiple mental abilities of individuals with intellectual disabilities including; poor memory, slow learning rates, attention problems, difficulty maintaining and generalizing what they have learned, and poor motivation.Several protective factors are associated with cognitive maintenance. For example, high levels of education, intellectual engagement with a wide range of interests, and high levels of exercise and physical activity are discussed as possible mechanisms than can be targeted in preventive interventions
Faye files a suit in a state court against Gas Station Stop, claiming employment discrimination. Gas Station loses the suit and appeals. After the state’s highest court’s review of Faye v. Gas Station Stop, either party can appeal the decision to the United States Supreme Court if?a. the party is unsatisfied with the result.b. a question of state law remains unresolved.c. the state trial and appellate court rulings are different.d. a federal question is involved.
Answer:
Option C
Explanation;
Of course if there is a difference in the ruling. The option of appeal will occur at the supreme court when there is a difference in decision from both level of the courts.
If the supreme court gives a verdict that is different from the lower court or if the supreme court does not agree with the ruling of the lower court, it gives room to the parties to appeal to render the case solved.
________ cases produce substantial changes both in the understanding of the requirements of due process and in the practical day to day operations of the justice system.
Answer:
Landmark case
Explanation:
Landmark case is a court case that is studied because it has historical and legal significance. The most significant cases are those that have had a lasting effect on the application of a certain law. Landmark cases produce substantial changes both in the understanding of the requirements of due process and in the practical day to day operations of the justice system. Landmark cases are useful understanding how the judicial branch works, to see how past judicial decisions have affected the law
Mr. and Mrs. Scott want to instill a sense of intrinsic motivation in their 5-year-old daughter Yin. Yin brings home a drawing of her school and classroom. How should the Scotts respond?
Answer:"You really worked hard on this drawing!"
Explanation:Intrinsic motivation refers to doing something because you are internally driven to do it and expect no external rewards for it. You do something because it is personally satisfying to you. It gives someone an ability to actualize their potentials.
If Scott tells Yin how hard he has worked on the drawing it will evoke the feeling of pride and contentment on his ability to do well and next time he will believe more in his ability and be driven by how capable he is.
To promote intrinsic motivation in their daughter Yin, Mr. and Mrs. Scott should engage in descriptive praise, show genuine interest in her creations, and provide an environment where Yin feels control over her learning and activities, especially in the arts, as this has been shown to boost confidence and motivation in children.
Explanation:To instill a sense of intrinsic motivation in their daughter Yin, Mr. and Mrs. Scott should respond to her drawing by acknowledging her effort and creativity, asking her about the ideas behind her drawing, and praising her for specific aspects of the work that stand out. This approach helps Yin feel a sense of belonging and respect, which are key to fostering intrinsic motivation. By focusing on the experience and enjoyment of the drawing, rather than external rewards or evaluation, Yin can develop an internal desire to engage in such activities for her own satisfaction.
One technique includes using descriptive praise, which involves commenting on the details of the drawing, thus showing genuine interest and encouraging Yin to talk more about her work. Additionally, fostering an environment where Yin feels she has control over her learning can be very impactful. Offering Yin choices in her activities and allowing her to pursue her interests will likely enhance her intrinsic motivation.
Finally, integrating the arts into Yin's learning can provide a rich, educational experience that strengthens her motivation and confidence, as shown in previous studies where participation in the arts increased students' self-assurance and facilitated a balanced self-evaluation.
Ms. Jones's six-month-old niece Mischa is hungry and beginning to get cranky. When Mischa's mother walks through the door, Ms. Jones notices that the baby begins to drool just at the sight of her mother. According to the principles of classical conditioning, Mischa beginning to drool at the sight of her mother is a(n)
Answer: a Conditioned Response
Explanation: Conditioning is a process whereby a behavior is modified or learnt due to a stimulus in our environment. Mischa is aware that her mother is her source of food, and has learnt to associate her mother with food. So when she sees her mother, she salivates in anticipation of food. This is a conditioned response.
Conditioning is used to teach new behaviors and can be paired with rewards such as food, praise, and other forms of positive feedback that the subject finds valuable.
Diane has had difficult pregnancies and has also developed a rare form of cervical cancer. Diane's mother may have been prescribed __________, before Diane was born, to prevent miscarriage.
A) Thalidomide
B) AZT
C) Amphetamines
D) DES (diethylstilbestrol)
Answer: Option D. DES (Diethylstilbestrol)
Explanation:
Diethylstilbestrol was given to pregnant women to prevent complications during pregnancy. These could include having a miscarriage or giving birth too early. There were possibilities that the daughters of the women who used DES to prevent miscarriage were more likely to get a certain kind of cancer of the vagina and cervix. Diethylstilbestrol, or DES, is a synthetic form of estrogen. Estrogen is a female hormone. DES was given to millions of pregnant women between 1938 and 1971.
Which dreamlike French avant-garde film was created by Spanish artists Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dali?
Answer:
Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog)
Explanation:
Un Chien Andalou was a Franco-Spanish silent short film made in 1929 by Spanish director Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dali. It became the first movie of Bunuel which contain the genre of surrealist. It contains no plot but the dreams dased on both creators. Bunuel added dream with a cloud sliced the moon in half, and Dali of ants crawling in hand.
A recent ad for toy cars stated the following: "Your son will feel 10 feet tall today, he will be able to explore his world, he will be able to create cities, he will be able to drive his imagination to new places." This is an example of advertising exploiting gender:___________
Answer: roles
Explanation: Gender roles can be described as a set of social character, attitude, behavior or actions which are attributed or considered rational or appropriate for a particular sex.
In the scenario above the advertisement seems to exhibit the exploitation of gender or sex roles by focusing content of it's advertisement towards male children, showcasing the the inclination of the male gender towards driving, imaginative thinking and exploration.
Answer:
Gender roles
Explanation:
Gender roles are influenced by culturel and society. They determine how males and females should think, speak, dress, and interact within the context of society. Various socializing agents such asmparents, teachers, peers, movies, television, music, books, and religion have a way of teaching and reinforcing gender roles throughout the lifespan, parents probably exert the greatest influence, especially on their very young offspring. Example the ad for toy cars made it very specific that this their product is for the male gender thereby forming an opinion and exploiting the minds of the society, that you should get this product for your sons, causing them to feel great
Boys are the main target for these toys. These toys affect gender roles because they teach children that boys are more adventurous and dominant. Driving fast, building citiesand exploring his world becomes associated with male behavior
Shawn loves to snowboard. he enjoys performing aerial tricks after launching off high jumps.the higher in the air he goes and the farther he travels, the better. which theory best explains shawn's motivation to snowbard?
a) instinct
b) drive-reduction
c) incentive
d) optimum arousal
e) hierarchy of needs
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
The Arousal Theory of motivation is the theory which suggests that each person has their unique level of arousal. This arousal helps people to perform certain actions to help maintain their optimum level of arousal.
Optimum arousal can be defined as a level of mental stimulation that is maximized with the level of feelings of well being.
In the given case, Shawn's motivation to snowboard is an example of optimum arousal. Because his motivation for snowboard is based solely on his feelings of arousal, which excites him to continue to pursue his love for snowboard.
So, the correct answer is option D.
Final answer:
Shawn's motivation to perform high jumps and aerial tricks while snowboarding is best explained by the optimum arousal theory of motivation. This theory suggests individuals seek out activities to maintain a level of arousal that is stimulating without being overwhelming.
Explanation:
The motivation for Shawn to snowboard and perform aerial tricks can best be explained by the optimum arousal theory of motivation. This theory asserts that individuals seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal, which is neither too high nor too low. Shawn's engagement in snowboarding to achieve high jumps and aerial tricks likely indicates that he is seeking an activity that provides a level of arousal that is stimulating and exciting, but not overwhelming, helping him to reach his optimal arousal level. Instinct theory and drive-reduction theory are less applicable in this context as they relate to more innate and basic physiological needs, respectively. On the other hand, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and incentive theories might partially apply, but they do not specifically address the need for optimal arousal. The incentive theory could play a minor role if we consider the external rewards Shawn might obtain, such as admiration from peers, but this does not address the internal arousal levels that are the focus of his motivation to perform these specific snowboarding tricks.