The diagram below shows a strand of DNA matched to a strand of messenger RNA.

What process does this diagram represent?

Select one:
a. mutation
b. transcription
c. respiration
d. translation

Answer:

1 - A , 2 - E , 3 - D

Explanation:

The correct pairing between the example situations and the types of data given in the question are;

Deaths certificated are statistical data for measuring and keeping track of different aspects of the population so 1 can be paired with the option A.

One cow being diagnosed with mad cow disease and the slaughter of the entire herd as a precaution can be an example of syndromic surveillance and paired with the option E.

Questioning a certain number of adolescents about their smoking behavior is an example of survey data which is given in option D.

I hope this answer helps.

The examples represent statistics, single case or small number of cases, and survey data.

The type of data illustrated by each example is as follows:

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Answer:

Asexual portion, sexual portion and mosquito.

Explanation:

Plasmodium species is known to cause malaria in humans. The anopheles is the primary host for the plasmodium and humans acts as the secondary host for the plasmodium.

The secondary host is important for the asexual reproduction that occurs in the humans and causes clinical symptoms. The  sexual reproduction occurs with the help of spores that occurs in the human blood. The disease can pass from one human to the other human by the mosquito biting.

Thus, the answer is asexual portion, sexual portion and mosquito.

Answer:

As exual portion, s exual portion and mosquito.

Explanation:

Answer:

Mitochondria

Explanation:

In a cell, the mitochondria is the energy or the powerhouse in a cell responsible of producing energy through respiration.

The mitochondria is has double double membrane.

Myocardium(Cardiac muscle tissue) requires large amount of energy produced by the cell in order to rhythmically contract.

Therefore, it is expected for their cells to have a relatively high amount of mitochondria for the purpose of providing the tissues with energy.

Answer:

The correct answer is option C.

Explanation:

Phospholipase C comes in the category of membrane-associated enzymes, which plays an essential role in the cell physiology of eukaryotes, mainly in the process of signal transduction. One of the general features of the phospholipase C pathway is that it enhances the concentration of calcium within the cell's cytoplasm.  

With the stimulation of phospholipase C within a cell, calcium generally gets discharged from the intracellular compartments, which eventually results in the upsurge of calcium levels within the cell's cytoplasm.  

Answer:

B) Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Explanation:

fMRI or Functional magnetic resonance imaging is the technique which is used to measure the neural activity in the brain of humans and other animals.

The technique is based on the concept that the activity in the neurons is coupled to the flow of the blood in the neurons. The change in the rate of blood flow to the region of neurons shows that that part of the neuron is activated at that time.

Therefore by measuring the changes in the blood flow, the technique scans the neural activities of the brain.

Thus, Optio-B is the correct answer.

Answer:

Babinski  sign.

Explanation :

Except for the Babinski, which disappears around 1 year of age, these primitive reflexes diminish over the first few months of life, giving way to protective reflexes.

Primitive reflexes are subcortical and involve a whole-body response. Selected primitive reflexes present at birth include Moro, root, suck, asymmetric tonic neck, plantar and palmar grasp, step, and Babinski.

Answer:

The correct answer is C. zygote

Explanation:

Every person begins life as a single cell, which is called a zygote

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Answer:

(C). Bones are continually remodeled, a process that requires that old bone matrix be broken down by Osteoclasts.

Explanation:

Osteoblasts synthesize and secrete the organic part and inorganic part of the extracellular matrix of collagen fibers and bone tissues. Osteoclasts remove bone structure by releasing lysosomal enzymes and acids that dissolve the bone matrix. These minerals released from the bones into the blood and help regulate calcium concentrations in the body fluids.

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes are involved in cartilage; perichondrium surrounds cartilage and contains chondrocytes; bones are remodeled by osteoclasts; lacunae of compact bone are occupied by osteocytes.

a. The statement is incorrect. Cartilage contains both chondroblasts and chondrocytes. Chondroblasts are responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix, while chondrocytes are found within the matrix and are responsible for maintaining the health of the cartilage.

b. The statement is correct. The perichondrium is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds cartilage and contains chondrocytes, which play a role in the growth and repair of cartilage.

c. The statement is correct. Bones undergo a process called remodeling, which involves the removal of old bone matrix by cells called osteoclasts. Osteoclasts break down the mineralized matrix, allowing for the subsequent formation of new bone.

d. The statement is incorrect. Lacunae of compact bone are occupied by osteocytes, which are mature bone cells. Osteocytes are responsible for maintaining the bone tissue.

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Answer: Mutagen

There are various reasons why mutations occur. In certain instances, a chemical called mutagen can increase the mutation rate."

Explanation:

A mutagen is a chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and this increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.

Other causes of mutation include:

- error in DNA replication, repair and recombination

A chemical that can increase the mutation rate during DNA replication is called a mutagen. Mutagens include various environmental factors, such as chemicals and radiation, and can lead to induced mutations in the DNA sequence.

During DNA replication, a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence, known as a mutation, can occur. While DNA polymerases proofread the nucleotide sequence, errors can still happen approximately once every 10⁷ nucleotides. Mutations can range from single nucleotide changes to large insertions or deletions. These changes can be benign or deleterious, possibly leading to diseases such as cancer if they occur in specific regulatory regions.

Mutations can arise spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors. Induced mutations are the result of exposure to mutagens such as chemicals, ultraviolet (UV) rays, x-rays, or other agents. Spontaneous mutations, however, occur without any exposure to these agents and are a result of natural reactions within the body. Chemicals that increase mutation rates are referred to as mutagens and can lead to a significantly higher rate of changes in the DNA sequence.

Answer:

biological species concept

Explanation:

The biological species concept is the most commonly used and acceptable definition of species, which explains that a group of organisms can be referred to a species if members of the group can interbreed successfully to produce viable offspring that are also fertile. It explains that there tend to be reproduction barriers that would prevent different species of organism from successfully interbreeding. Also, that two organisms have the same appearance, do not necessarily mean they belong to the same species. For example, a horse and a donkey were interbreed to produce an offspring called the mule, but, the mule was found to be infertile. A horse and a donkey are different species, even though they have close appearance.

According to the biological species concept in Biology, a species is a group of populations that can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring with members of the same species.

In Biology, according to the biological species concept, a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups. This concept focuses on reproductive compatibility as the defining characteristic of a species.

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Answer:

Soulte

Explanation:

Segmentation affects the development of an earthworm because this developmental process involves the formation of nerve tissues in annelids.

Segmentation is a process of development by which certain animals such as annelids developed different body parts in small segments.

In conclusion, segmentation affects the development of an earthworm because it involves the formation of nerve tissues in annelids.

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Answer:

cultural evolutionism

Explanation:

The evolutionary theory of cultural change can be described as cultural evolutionism. English anthropologists Tylor and Frazer and American anthropologist Morgan suggested that the vast diversity of cultures represented different stages in the evolution of human culture and were influenced by Charles Darwin.

These theories were of the idea that just as the theory of natural selection proposed by Darwin, the cultures also originated from a single one and divided into many forms with the passage of time.

Answer: Immunosupressant

Explanation:

The use of monoclonal antibody along with the immunosupressant is used in such a way so that that the disease is cured without having more side effects.

The immunosupressant if given on a regular basis can cause many side effects on the body.

There are increased chances of infections in the body so monoclonal antibodies is used along with the immunosupressants.

Answer:

Hodgkin lymphoma is a disease which is distinguished in the presence of reed-sternberg cells.

Explanation: Hodgkin lymphoma is a kind of cancer disease in which cancer disease grows from a special type of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Sweat at night, high fever and reduction of weight are symptoms of this disease. Reed-sternberg cells are a type of abnormal lymphocytes having more than one nucleus.

Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, and is diagnosed by a biopsy and microscopic examination.

The disease distinguished by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells is Hodgkin lymphoma. These are distinctive, large cancer cells that may contain more than one nucleus. To diagnose this condition, a biopsy of lymphatic tissue is typically performed, and the sample is examined under a microscope for the presence of these cells.

Hodgkin lymphoma is one of two main types of lymphoma, the other being non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which has various subtypes. Hodgkin lymphoma can occur in both older individuals and younger adults, and timely diagnosis and treatment are important for the most effective outcomes.

Answer:

somatic

Explanation:

The somatic nervous system is one of the components of the peripheral nervous system. The somatic nervous system consists of nerves (sensory and motor nerves) which function in carrying motor and sensory information to and fro the central nervous system. The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements as well as reflex movements.  

The automatic movement of Elaine’s hand could only be possible with the effective function of the somatic nervous system.

Final answer:

Independent scientific discoveries, such as those by Darwin and Wallace or Newton and Leibnitz, are attributed to the naturalistic theory, suggesting that the environment guides multiple individuals to the same conclusions. The correct option is c.

Explanation:

The phenomena of similar theories or discoveries being made independently by different people at around the same time can be attributed to the naturalistic theory. This theory suggests that scientific discoveries and advancements are largely influenced by the natural and social environment, leading multiple people to the same conclusions independently. Examples of this include Darwin and Wallace's development of theories of evolution, Newton and Leibnitz's development of calculus, and Twitmyer's discovery of "Pavlovian" conditioning before Pavlov.

Lysosomes are found in the cell of our mouth.

Explanation:

The organelle that would be numerous inside the cell of the mouth would be the lysosome.

The process of food digestion starts in the mouth through the activities of digestive enzymes. These digestive enzymes are located in a small spherical and membraneous organelle known as the lysosome.

Lysosome represents the site of digestive enzymes such as nucleases, proteases, amylases, lipases, and so on.

Thus, lysosome should be numerous in the cells of the mouth going by the fact that digestion of foods starts in the mouth.

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Answer:

c. Taq polymerase is heat-stable and can withstand high temperatures.

Explanation:

The process of PCR amplifies a small amount of DNA into multiple copies. For the purpose, the sample DNA fragments are denatured at higher temperature conditions (around 95 degrees Celsius). This separates the two strands of the sample DNA which in turn serve as a template. Taq polymerase from a thermophile can withstand the extremes of the temperature conditions required for denaturation of sample DNA. Unlike the DNA polymerases from other organisms such as humans, Taq polymerase is not denatured at higher temperatures.

Therefore, Taq polymerase can be used as an enzyme of primer elongation to amplify the DNA by PCR.

Answer:

3/8, 1/8, 1/2.

Explanation:

Probability may be defined as the chance of the occurring of a particular event.  

The probability of a girl and a boy is 1/2.

The group of three siblings means there sample size could be

BBB, BGB, BBG, GBB, GGG, GBG, GGB, BGG. ( B = boy and G = girl).

Probability = No. of possible outcome / total outcome.

The probability of exactly two boys = BGB, BBG, GBB = 3/8.

The probability of exactly three boys = BBB = 1/8.

The probability of two boys = BBB, BGB, BBG, GBB = 4/8 = 1/2.

Thus, the correct answer is option (b).

The probability of having exactly two boys is 3/8, exactly three boys is 1/8, and having two or more boys is 1/2. Option B is correct.

To calculate the probability of different combinations of boys and girls within a group of three siblings, given that the probability of having either a boy or a girl is equal (1/2), we can use the binomial distribution.

For exactly two boys, there are three different combinations (BBG, BGB, GBB), each with a probability of (1/2) x (1/2) x (1/2) = 1/8. So the probability for exactly two boys is 3 x (1/8) = 3/8.

For exactly three boys, there is only one combination: BBB, with a probability of (1/2) x (1/2) x (1/2) = 1/8.

For two or more boys, we can add the probabilities for exactly two boys and exactly three boys, which is 3/8 + 1/8 = 4/8 = 1/2.

The correct set of probabilities is B. 3/8, 1/8, 1/2.

The given question is incomplete. The complete question is:

'The San Andreas Fault is the boundary between two of Earth's tectonic plates: the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. This boundary is a transform boundary. The Pacific Plate is moving to the north and west, while the North American Plate is moving to the south and east."

What type of stress is most likely to occur at this boundary?

(1) shearing

(2) syncline

(3) tension

(4) compression

Answer:

Option (1)

Explanation:

Shear stress is usually defined as stress that occurs due to the force acting on the rocks that allow the material to get deformed. This takes place because of the slippage taking place along the planes or the planes that are parallel to the applied stress. This results in the downward movement of fault blocks and leads to the occurrence of earthquakes.

This shear stress occurs in the transform type of plate boundary where the two plates slide past one another. For example, the San Andreas fault.

Thus, the correct answer is option (1).

The answer is A. Good luck!

~ V.

Answer:

d. Wrong again, Ralph. Both bonds are nonpolar

Explanation:

The bonds in "O-O" and "C-C" are covalent bonds.  If one atom has a more tendency to attract the electrons, the bond becomes polar in nature. Here, the bonded electrons are more attracted to the more electronegative atom which in turn imparts it a partial negative charge. The other atom becomes partially positive. In the case of O-O and C-C, the same atoms are bonded together. When a covalent bond is formed between the same atoms, it is always non-polar as the bonded atoms have the same electronegativity.  

Answer:

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the human body undergoes a process of adaptation or tolerance to stress, which requires an increase in levels of growth hormone (GH) and cortisol, so it is observed rise the levels of GHRH and CRH.

Explanation:

General adaptive syndrome is a product of the stress to which an individual is subjected, causing a number of symptoms reflecting the loss of normal body balance, symptoms that can be both physical and psychological. This syndrome has three phases:

The second phase, resistance, is due to an adaptation or tolerance when the stressful stimulus is maintained. At this stage, an increase in blood levels of growth hormone and cortisol -which contribute to the stress tolerance process- is usually observed, increasing the bioavailability of blood glucose and endogenous steroids.

Both GHRH (somatocrin) and CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) are produced by the hypothalamus and activate the release of GH and adrenocorticopotrotrope hormone (CRH) by the pituitary gland, producing:

In the resistance phase of general adaptative syndrome, GHRH and CRH levels increase to regulate adaptive changes that occur in the body of the individual who has it.

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Answer:

Option-A

Explanation:

Enzymes are the protein molecules which speed up the chemical reaction in the organism and thus are known as the biocatalyst.

The enzymes are the tertiary structure of the proteins that is they are the globular form of the proteins. The globular structure contains an active site which is a pore-like structure to which the substrate molecules bind by forming a weak bond. This state is known as the transition stage which is higher in energy.

The formation of this transition state or enzyme-substrate complex lowers the threshold energy of reaction called activation energy and thus speed the reaction.

In the given question since the catabolic reaction involves the breaking of the bonds of the large molecules therefore the enzymes facilitate the breaking of the bond.

Thus, Option-A is the correct answer.

In catabolic reactions, enzymes bind substrates and change shape, bringing them close together.

When an enzyme is involved in a catabolic reaction, its active site binds the substrates and changes shape, bringing them close together. This proximity of the substrates lowers the activation energy required for the reaction, facilitating the formation of a bond. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Its active site binds the substrates and changes shape, bringing them close together, lowering the activation energy, and creating a bond.

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Answer: Divergence

Explanation:

One postsynaptic cell has the ability to receive the input from large number of different presynpatic cells and the divergent neurons can have connections with different postsynaptic cells.

The divergence in the neurons allows one neurons to have communication with the other neurons within a network.

The divergence neurons can communicate with any of the neurons (output) in the network.

Answer:

Category D drugs

Explanation:

There are five categories of drugs, they include: categories A, B, C, D and X. Research shows that category D drugs have possible fetal risks, however, the potential benefits on the mothers still outweighs the risk. An example of a category D drug is Losartan.

Category A drugs have no evidence of risk on fetus, an example is folic acid.

Category B drugs also show no adequate evidence of risk on the fetus. An example is metformin.

Evidences shows Category X drugs have an adverse effect on the fetus, hence the risk outweighs the potential effect. An example is Methotrexate.

No, the lateral movement of a lipid molecule within a biological membrane will not be equally fast as the movement of lipid molecule in a artificial lipid bilayer.

Explanation:

Final answer:

The average lateral movement of a lipid molecule within a biological membrane may be slower than 2 um/second due to constraints by proteins and structures within the membrane, despite rapid lateral diffusion observed in artificial bilayers.

Explanation:

The question asks about the lateral diffusion of lipid molecules in biological membranes compared to artificial bilayers. In the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, lipids and proteins have lateral freedom of movement within the lipid bilayer. The rate of lateral diffusion can be measured using techniques like FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching), where lipids are monitored as they return to a photobleached area. Biological membranes contain various proteins and structures that may restrict movement, such as lipid rafts, caveolae, and the cytoskeleton. Thus, the actual lateral diffusion rate in biological membranes might be affected by these constraints.

While lipids move rapidly laterally, the movement from one layer to another, or transverse diffusion, is significantly slower and usually requires enzymes like flippases for assistance. Considering these factors, we might expect that the lateral movement of a lipid molecule within a biological membrane to be somewhat slower than the estimated 2 um/second in an artificial bilayer due to these biological constraints.

Answer:

C - Contains the embryonic disk

Explanation:

After an egg is fertilized, it begins to divide into smaller cells, from the 1 cell stage, to 2, to 4 and so on. Then, on the third day, the cells fall within 16-200 cells and it is then called a morula.

On the fifth day, the morula becomes a ball of calls which is now differentiated into an inner cell mass and a trophectoderm. The inner cell mass becomes the embryo as development goes on and the trophectoderm, becomes the placenta.

As development goes on further, the floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the embryonic disk, a layer of prismatic cells derived from the inner cell mass.

The embryonic disc develops into 3 layers:

There is a major differentiation of cells which gives a template  for the origin of development of specific organs of the embryo.