Answer and explanation:
Monophyletic species are the species whose lineage belongs to the common recent phylogenetic ancestor. As mentioned in the question, the girl has 3 species namely G, H, and K. Because there is no other criteria given, we assume that the closeness of alphabets would reflect the closeness of species. Thus, G and H are closer relative than K. Therefore, if she adds I, and J species in the list, all of them will be closer relatives and we can say that they are monophyletic now.
The Gibbs free energy change of a reaction can be calculated using the equation ΔG = ΔH – TΔS. A biochemical reaction that can provide energy for cellular metabolism would be one in which: Choose one: A. ΔG was negative. B. all terms on the right are negative. C. ΔG was positive. D. all terms on the right are positive.
Answer:
a. ΔG was negative.
Explanation:
The answer is a. ΔG was negative because, for a biochemical reaction to occur and provide energy for cellular metabolism, the Gibbs free energy ΔG = ΔH - TΔS < 0 , for spontaneity. If all terms on the right were to be negative, then ΔG = -ΔH - (-TΔS) = TΔS - ΔH and would only be less than zero if the absolute value of ΔH > absolute value of TΔS. If ΔG was positive as in C, the reaction would not be spontaneous and energy would have to be put into the biochemical reaction for it to occur. If all terms on the right were positive, then, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS < 0 when TΔS > ΔH , else ΔG > 0 and energy would have to be put into the biochemical reaction for it to occur, so its not spontaneous.
Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________. a. insulin b. cortisol c. aldosterone d. secretin
Cortisol is responsible for gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins. Insulin reduces blood glucose levels, while aldosterone and glucagon work to increase blood glucose levels when they are low.
Explanation:Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, primarily due to the action of the hormone cortisol. This hormone is a glucocorticoid and is secreted in response to ACTH. One of the main roles of cortisol is to stimulate the synthesis of glucose and gluconeogenesis (converting a non-carbohydrate to glucose) by liver cells and promote the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
Insulin, on the other hand, is responsible for reducing blood glucose levels by stimulating glycolysis, the metabolism of glucose for ATP generation, and inhibiting enzymes involved in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Thus, insulin helps in decreasing glucose in the blood, not forming it.
It's also worth noting that aldosterone, another hormone, regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose when glucose levels decrease in the blood. And glucagon, produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas, increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
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What is the lac operon in E. coli a classic example of?
Question 11 options:
gene expression occurring at transcription
antibiotics blocking protein synthesis.
gene expression leading to DNA mutations
gene expression occurring by changing protein shape
Lac operon in E. coli is a classic example of Gene expression occurring at transcription
Explanation:
A lac operon is a type of bacterial operon which is a cluster of co-regulated genes. In order to adapt to environmental changes, the related genes are grouped in an operon.
When lactose is absent, the E. coli bacteria group related genes and produce enzymes (lacZ, lacY, lacA) which help in lactose metabolism to encode the unexpressed lactose.
Structural genes that specifically code for amino acids are called gene expressions. This takes place at two levels – transcription and translation.
Lac operon operation involves promoter, operator, CAP-binding site sequences. The gene group binds with the promoter and is transcribed as a single mRNA.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoctoral student thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus?
A) See if it reproduces sexually.
B) Determine whether it is unicellular or multicellular.
C) Look for cell walls under a microscope.
D) See if it is a eukaryote or prokaryote.
Answer:
C) Look for cell walls under a microscope.
Explanation:
It can be decided wheter it is an animal or a fungus by looking for cell walls under microscope.
As the animal cells lack cell wall ( outer membrane is just the cell membrane ) while the fungal cells contain a proper cell wall (surrounding their cell membrane )containing chitin.
Hence C) Look for cell walls under a microscope is the right option.
As both the cells reproduce sexually , option A is excluded.
Both the animal and the fungal cells are multicellular , option B is also excluded.
Both of these organisms are eukaryotes , hence option D is also excluded.
Pharmaceuticals produced from wild species generate up to $150 billion in sales and save many lives each year. This is an example of __________. Question 21 options: A.drug trafficking B. HMO services C.ecosystem services D. conservation genetics
Answer: C.ecosystem services
Explanation:
The ecosystem services are the benefits that are received by human kind from the natural environment. These benefits includes the forest ecosystem, aquatic ecosystem and grassland ecosystem.
The chemicals, medicines, food and water are the services that human kind receives from ecosystems. The natural ecosystems are also responsible for controlling the disease, climate and nutrient cycles, aids in the production of oxygen and also aids in maintaining the recreational benefits.
The pharmaceutical products obtain from the wild life are also the sources of ecosystem services.
Secondary succession occurs more quickly than primary succession mainly because ____.
a. disturbances in the community exposes more soil
b. rocky areas contain more minerals
c. nitrogen-fixing bacteria are present
d. sunlight is more available
e. improved soil is present from the start
Answer:
rocky areas contain more minerals
A researcher is studying a S. cerevisiae strain with the genotype: MATa ura3-delta2 leu2 his3::URA3 The researcher plates cells from this strain on the nutrient plates containing the synthetic medium YC or on plates containing various dropout formulations. The dropout plates are missing one of the ingredients found in complete YC media. Which plates should the researcher expect to not support growth of the strain? (Check all the apply.)a) YC
b) YC lacking histidine
c) YC lacking uracil
d) YC lacking leucine
Answer:
hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
Explanation:
Final answer:
The researcher should expect the strain to not grow on the plates that are missing the his3, ura3, and leu2 genes.
Explanation:
The researcher should expect the strain to not grow on the plates that are missing the ingredients necessary for its growth. In this case, the strain is missing the his3, ura3, and leu2 genes. Therefore, the plates that the researcher should expect to not support growth of the strain are:
YC lacking histidine
YC lacking uracil
YC lacking leucine
In the human brain the basal ganglia, limbic system, and olfactory bulbs are considered part of the: A. metencephalon. B. diencephalon. C. telencephalon. D. mesencephalon.
Answer:
C. Telencephalon.
Explanation:
Telencephalon which is also called the cerebrum is the uppermost part of the central nervous system, it is also the largest part of the human brain containing the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures which includes the basal ganglia, limbic system and the olfactory bulbs.
The basal ganglia is a group of subcortical nuclei that is responsible for motor learning, motor control and behaviors. The limbic system is a system that controls our physical and emotional responses to environmental stimuli and it includes thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus and hippocampus. The olfactory bulbs is a neural structure located in the forebrain that is responsible for the detection of smell by cells in the nasal cavity.
The basal ganglia, limbic system, and olfactory bulbs are components of the telencephalon in the human brain. C. telencephalon Therefore , C. telencephalon is correct .
Basal Ganglia:
The basal ganglia are a set of nuclei in the brain involved primarily in motor control, regulation of voluntary motor movements, emotional control, procedural learning, and cognition. Disorders related to the basal ganglia can result in movement disorders like Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
Limbic System:
The limbic system is a complex network of interconnected brain structures involved in emotions, motivation, memory, learning, and various other cognitive functions. It includes the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and parts of the thalamus. It plays a crucial role in regulating emotions and behaviors.
Olfactory Bulbs:
The olfactory bulbs are specialized structures in the forebrain related to the sense of smell (olfaction). They receive sensory input from olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity and transmit this information to other brain regions for processing and interpretation.
Classification of Brain Regions:
In terms of brain development and classification:
Telencephalon: The basal ganglia and olfactory bulbs are part of the telencephalon, which is the anterior division of the forebrain. It contributes to the cerebral hemispheres and is involved in various complex functions, including sensory perception, motor control, and cognition.
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In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. Some commentators have argued, correctly, that since there is presently no objective test for whiplash, spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. These commentators are, however, wrong to draw the further conclusion that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious: clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.
Answer:
The options
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
(A) The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second is a conclusion that has been based on that claim.
(B) The first is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument accepts; the second is that conclusion.
(C) The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion for which the argument provides further evidence; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.
(D) The first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the second is a claim presented in order to argue against deriving certain implications from that finding.
(E) The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is evidence presented to establish that the finding is accurate.
The CORRECT ANSWER IS (D)
Explanation:
"In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered." - a fact.
It examine countries where whiplash injuries are taken care of in automobile insurance with countries where whiplash injuries are not taken care of under automobile insurance. The first group of countries have double the reports of whiplash injuries when viewed against the other group of countries.
"Presently; no objective test for whiplash exists," - A fact.
Spurious reports of whiplash injuries is not easy to be identified. - This is an idea of the author. He believes that spurious reports of whiplash injuries pose some difficulties in identification. Let's have a closer look to the words used here. Despite the fact that no indiviual has till now discussed about spurious reports of whiplash injuries, the author has specify this sentence in a form that reflects agreement. Let's hope the coming sentences bring more clarity.
"Nevertheless, these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious." - keyword is 'Nevertheless'.
It shows a different point in direction. Now, go through the statement also with the preceding statement. So, basically, in the preceding statement in view, the author was agreeing to the commentators, who have been pointed to but disagrees on the idea that half of the situations of whiplash injuries are spurious (If you are considering why author sees 'half' the situations, consider the first statement once more, which highlights on double amount of whiplash injuries).
"Clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered." - With this statement, the author unites his idea (that it does not reflects on half of the the cases been spurious) with the fact highlighted in the first statement (that there are double the reports of whiplash injuries in countries where it is taken care of under automobile insurance).
How does the author reconciles? He provides another explanation for the fact - he added that the high cases of whiplash injuries in countries where it is taken care of under automobile insurances is due to the reward and compensation they receive on reporting these injuries which is less in other countries without the reward and compensation on reporting these injuries.
So, let's review the option statements:
Option (A).❌
Bold Face (BF)1 it is not the case in the argument.
Option (B).❌
- Note, Bold Face (BF)1 is not a claim but a fact. Secondly, we can pinpoint from our review that BF1 has been employed to backup an explanation (of commentators) which is not the idea in the passage.
Option (C)❌
Just as seen in option B, the role of BF1 is not rightly stated and BF2 cannot serve as the centre conclusion of the argument. Therefore, the Second last statement being the basic conclusion of the argument is wrong.
Option (D).✔✔✔
With the implications being the conclusion stated by the commentators from BF1 as it is the concept of the argument. It is important to note that BF2 provides a another explanation for the finding to oppose the explanation given by commentators as the importance of both BF1 and BF2 are rightly stated.
Option (E).❌
The accuracy of BF1 is not determined in the argument
Ribose has five carbon atoms, of which three are asymmetric. What is the maximum number of stereoisomers that may exist for ribose?
Answer:
8 is the maximum number of stereoisomers that may exist for ribose.
Explanation:
Stereoisomers are usually calculated by a formula 2 ^n
n= no. of chiral carbons.
As the ribose is a pentose sugar, it contains 3 chiral carbons.
Hence calculated as :
2^n = 2^3 = 8
Hence, 8 is the maximum number of stereoisomers that may exist for ribose.
The maximum number of stereoisomers that may exist for ribose is 8 is the most range of stereoisomers that could exist for ribose.
Stereoisomers are commonly calculated with the aid of using a system [tex]2^ ^ n[/tex]
[tex]n = no . of chiral carbons.[/tex]
As ribose is a pentose sugar, it incorporates three chiral carbons.
Hence calculated as:
[tex]2^ ^ n=2^ ^ three=eight[/tex]
Hence, eight is the most range of stereoisomers that could exist for ribose.
What are L-ribose and D-ribose?L-ribose and D-ribose are optical isomers that can both shape a pentagonal or hexagonal ring in an aqueous solution. There are eight isomers of ribose, every of them can have both an alpha or beta ring while dissolved in an aqueous solution. Properties of ribose are similar to that of the opposite monosaccharides.
Hence concluded that the maximum number of stereoisomers that may exist for ribosomes is 8.
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Note that the bladder is made up of a tissue called transitional epithelium. Research how the structure of this tissue type is perfect for the function of the bladder. PLTW LABORATORY JOURNAL Describe how cell shape differs when the bladder is full and when the bladder is empty.
Answer:
Cell changes shape from cuboid to squamous when the bladder gets full.
Also the transitional epithelium being flexible in terms of contraction and expansion are suitable for urinary bladder
Explanation:
Transitional epithelium is a stratified epithelium which means it consists of multiple layers of epithelial cells. These multiple layer of cells allows the epithelium to contract and expand as per the requirement of the organ. Since Urinary bladder stretch and change its shape continuously (when it becomes full or empty).
The shape of these cells also varies with the bladder state. When the bladder is empty, these cells are cuboid and when the bladder is full these cells gain flat shape just like squamous cells
Transitional epithelium in the bladder changes from a thick, multilayered, cuboidal appearance when empty to a thinner, squamous appearance when full, facilitating the bladder's function of storing variable urine volumes.
Explanation:The transitional epithelium is unique tissue found in the urinary bladder that facilitates its expansion and contraction as it fills and empties. When the bladder is empty, the transitional epithelium is composed of multiple layers that make it appear thicker due to convoluted and cuboidal-shaped apical cells. Conversely, as the bladder fills and stretches, the cells transition to a squamous appearance, and the tissue becomes thinner and less stratified, effectively accommodating larger volumes of urine.
Thus, the structural design of the transitional epithelium aligns perfectly with the function of the bladder, which demands high distensibility to store varying quantities of urine, ranging from nearly zero to 500-600 mL in adults.
Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has the exactly same genetic composition. Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has the exactly same genetic composition. True False
Oxygen is attached to _______.
A) a calcium atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin
B) a calcium atom located on the globin portion of hemoglobin
C) an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin
D) an iron atom located on the globin portion of hemoglobin
Answer: The answer is C. An iron atom located on the heme portion hemoglobin
Explanation: Hemoglobin is responsible for the transportation of oxygen in the red blood cells to tissues of vertebrates. It is the protein molecule found in the red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is made up of 4 heme molecules surrounding the globin group, forming a tetrahedral structure. The heme molecules contain one atom of iron each and this is the binding spot for each molecule of oxygen through a covalent bond. Therefore, each hemoglobin molecule can have up to four molecules of oxygen attached to them.
Oxygen is attached to an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin. The correct answer is C) an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. It consists of four subunits, each containing a heme group. Each heme group contains an iron atom that can bind to oxygen molecules.
When oxygen enters the lungs, it binds to the iron atoms in the heme groups of hemoglobin, forming a reversible complex called oxyhemoglobin. This oxygenated form of hemoglobin then carries oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues, where it releases oxygen for use in cellular respiration. In the tissues, the oxygen dissociates from the iron atoms, and the hemoglobin returns to its deoxygenated state.
Therefore, the correct answer is C) an iron atom located on the heme portion of hemoglobin.
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Professor Petrov studies the pituitary gland in her laboratory. She works closely with a colleague whose focus is on the _____, because it is the structure that controls the pituitary gland.
Answer: Hypothalamus
Explanation:
The hypothalamus, located in the fore brain is the important part of the brain that controls the secretion of the pituitary gland. It does this by stimulating the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormone, ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) which in turns stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteriods that helps in fluid and salt balance in the body.
Thus, professor petrol's colleague is focusing on the hypothalamus.
Dreams occurring during REM sleep are ________; dreams occurring during non-REM sleep are ________.\
Answer:
Dreams occurring during REM sleep are _intense_; dreams occurring during non-REM sleep are _less vivid, disconnected, and less memorable_.
Explanation:
REM (rapid eye movement) sleep is
"a kind of sleep that occurs at intervals during the night and is characterized by rapid eye movements, more dreaming and bodily movement, and faster pulse and breathing."
Non-REM sleep (non-rapid eye movement) sleep is dreamless sleep.
Answer:
Dreams occurring during REM sleep are intense;
dreams occurring during non-REM sleep less vivid, and less memorable.
REM –Rapid Eye Movement sleep is one of the stages of sleep the brain goes through during sleeping. It begins about an hour to one hour thirty minutes when an individual goes to sleep, The brain is active at this period as if the subject fully awake. This explains why the dreams memories is retained when fully awake and the dream is vivid and could be recollected.
Other physiological features associated with this stage are increase in blood pressure, variation in body temperature, and rise in brain oxygen consumption among others.
The full active brain also stimulates the spinal cord for the seizure of motor control to the limbs, These immobilized these body parts with the subject in tentative state of paralysis, hence the REM is is sometimes refers to as paradoxical sleep.
The Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) is made up of 3 stages. This sleep stage mark the transition from being awake to deep sleep. It is marked with reduction in brain waves , body temperature,no paralysis of the limbs.
Dreams are rear during NREM stage, and if they occur it is usually early in the morning. This dream is due to activation of the subcortical area of the brain at this period of the day; this includes the olfactory bulb, the hypothalus.amygdala .
Explanation:
In October of 2003, a raging wildfire swept through the mountain ecosystems in Southern California, burning everything in its path to the ground and driving away all of the animals. In order for the mountain ecosystem to establish itself, which member of the food web has to return first?DeerCoyotesSnakeGrasses
True/False: If an action is involuntary, then it can still be irratinoal according to Sutherland's definition of irrational.
Answer:
True, an involuntary action is one which occurs without the conscious choice of an individual or organism.
Explanation:
Irrationality is described as an action or opinion given through inadequate use of reason, or though emotional distress or cognitive deficiency. Sutherland's physiological research on irrationality argued that irrational behavior is far more widespread and normal than is generally supposed. Sutherland explained that people were driven by irrational impulse rather than guided by reason.
In a macrotube (macrobroth) dilution susceptibility test, 1.0 ml of Mueller Hinton (MH) broth is pipetted into tubes 2 through 10, tube 11, and tube 13. Two milliliters of MH broth is pipetted into tube 12; 1.0 ml of 200 micrograms/ml of ampicillin is added to tubes 1, 2, and 13. A twofold serial dilution is performed in 1.0 ml amounts in tubes 2 through 10. The standardized inoculum is diluted 1:200 and 1.0 ml is added to tubes 1 though 11. The tubes are incubated for 20 hours at 350 C. After this time, the tubes are examined for visual growth. Tubes 6 through 7 are visibly turbid. while tubes 1 through 5 show no signs of growth. Tubes 1 through 5 are plated on blood agar, incubated overnight at 350C, and read for growth. Plates 1 through 4 show no growth while several colonies are observed on plate 5. The MIC is:
Final answer:
The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ampicillin against the tested organism, based on the provided macrotube dilution susceptibility test setup and observations, is 12.5 micrograms/ml.
Explanation:
The student has inquired about determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a macrotube dilution susceptibility test. In this test, ampicillin was added to multiple tubes to observe the lowest concentration where bacterial growth is inhibited. Because tubes 1 through 5 showed no visible growth, with plates 1 through 4 indicating no growth upon further inspection, and growth only observed on plate 5, we conclude the MIC as follows: Since tubes 6 to 11 (including tube 5, where the sample was taken for Plate 5 showing bacterial growth) represent increasing concentrations of ampicillin and tube 5 was the last without visible growth before this series, the concentration in tube 5 represents the MIC. Considering the twofold serial dilution starting from 200 micrograms/ml in tube 1, by tube 5, the concentration would have been diluted four times (i.e., halved four times), indicating an MIC of 12.5 micrograms/ml for ampicillin against the tested organism.
Which degrees of tilt produced light similar to wjat North American experiences in summer? Explain your answer!! Please explain your answer and how u got it
Answer:
In Earth’s Northern Hemisphere summers are hot with plenty hours of strong sunlight and the winters are cold due to reduced daylight hours and weak sunlight.
This is because the Earth is tilted on its axis.
To picture this axis, envision an imaginary stick going through Earth from its North to South poles.
This axis isn't upright up and down as Earth orbits roundabout the sun. It is TILTED at an ANGLE just ABOUT 23 DEFREES and also in a fixed position and direction in space.
This tilt affects how the sunlight affects Earth at a certain location in its all year orbit. During summer in the Northern Hemisphere, the North Pole is in the direction of the sun, receiving more sun's rays while the Southern Hemisphere at winter is pointed away from the sun, with its rays at mid way of Earth on a slant.
Take for example, When a book is tilted back 45 degrees, from a source of light - flashlight, it gives an oval shape that is dimmer and larger. The more it is tilted at a distance from the flashlight, it gives a more slanted light rays(it's weaker since it overlay a wider area and heat the air and surface less as in direct rays) that strikes the paper's surface.
The same phenomenon is seen with Earth and the sun. When Earth's North Pole is tilted in the direction of the sun, the direct rays produces stronger sunlight and warmth in North America-summertime—in relation to when the North Pole is tilted away from the sun. This will cause North America to have less direct rays and more slanted rays, producing much cold— wintertime.
What are the most likely percentages for offspring of two red/white-feathers parents?
Answer:
The question lacks options, the options are:
parents?
A.100% red/white-feather chickens.
B.50% white-feather chickens and 50% red/white-feather chickens.
C.33% white-feather chickens, 33% red-feather chickens, and 33% red/white-feather chickens.
D.25% white-feather chickens, 25% red-feather chickens, and 50% red/white-feather chickens
The Correct answer is D
Explanation:
According to the question, the hybrid chicken has a mixture of red and white feather phenotypes expressed at the same time. This tells us that the red and white alleles are CODOMINANT in the chicken i.e. none is dominant or recessive over the other.
Let's assume that (R) allele is the red feather colour while (r) allele is for white feather colour. Therefore, the red/white feathered chicken will have a Rr genotype. In a cross between two red/white feathered chicken (Rr), the following offsprings will be produced RR, Rr, Rr and rr
RR- Homozygous red feather d chicken (1/4 × 100=25%)
Rr- Hybrid Red/White feathered chicken (2/4 × 100=50%)
rr- Homozygous white feathered chicken (1/4 × 100=25%)
The lac operon is a collection of genes that work together to break down lactose by producing the enzyme ___.
Question 12 options:
maltase
lactase
glucose
galactase
lac Operon of E.coil consist of three structural genes - lacZ,lac Y and lac A which are involved in lactose metabolism.These genes are regulated by a single promoter.
Explanation:
lac operon is also called a inducible operon that is activated in the presence of lactose.The lac operon is responsible for the production of lactose-utilizing enzymes.
Curare, a poison from a South American shrub, blocks the binding of ACh by muscle cells. What would happen to muscle function if a toxic dose of curare entered the bloodstream?
Paralysis: Action potentials would be impeded at the neuromuscular junction, and the nerve would be unable to trigger the muscle to act
Spasm: The muscle cell will run out of ATP and fluid, becoming hyperexcitable and developing uncontrolled forceful contractions
Seizure: A sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain would cause muscles to stiffen and tremble
No effect: Muscle function is not dependent on the binding of acetylcholine
Answer:
The correct answer is paralysis.
Explanation:
Curare refers to a poison originating from a plant, which is commonly found in South and Central America. It is a poison that works competitively by reversibly preventing the activity of an acetylcholine receptor present at the neuromuscular junction. This further blocks the activity of muscles as the signal between the nerves and the muscles get restricted.
When this poison is used in adequate concentrations it results in paralysis and can even result in death due to the non-functioning of diaphragm muscles. The poison is obtained from the plant extract, also termed as alkaloid arrow poisons.
Curare would cause muscle paralysis as it blocks the binding of acetylcholine, preventing muscle contraction.
Explanation:If a toxic dose of curare entered the bloodstream, it would cause paralysis in the muscles. The reason for this is curare's ability to block the binding of acetylcholine (ACh) by muscle cells. ACh is a key neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction. In the presence of curare, the ACh cannot bind to its receptors on the muscle cells, thereby preventing the generation of action potentials at the neuromuscular junction. This essentially means that the nerve impulse cannot trigger muscle contraction, resulting in paralysis.
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Biologists recently discovered that black wolves got their coat color from exchanging genes with dogs. This is an example of
a. gene flow
b.an adaptation
c.genetic drift
d. a founder effect
e. gene pools
Using the theories of genes, we find that gene flow is the example of the discovery in which black wolves got their coat color from exchanging genes with dogs.
In biology, actually word gene can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is the basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in the DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are basically two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes.
During the gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of the genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of the phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called the genotypes.
Hence, discovery by biologists that black wolves got their coat color from exchanging genes with dogs is an example of gene flow.
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______ can form in the body during respiration, and are chemically reactive, which means that they can chemically modify (and thus render useless) other biological molecules.
Answer:
Peroxides
Explanation:
Peroxides are group of compounds that have the structure R-O-O-R. Peroxides have two oxygen atoms linked together by single covalent bond.
Hydrogen peroxide is most common peroxide and toxic byproduct of respiration. Hydrogen peroxide is involved in producing oxidative stress and thus producing damage to cellular components.
Peroxidases are enzymes that are found in wide range of organisms from bacteria to plants and animals. Most of these enzymes breakdown invloved in breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. Peroxidases act as antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress by cleavenging hydrogen peroxide radicles.
The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle as ventricular diastole begins is called the __________.
Answer:End - diastolic volume
Explanation:
End-diastolic volume is the amount of blood that is in the ventricles before the heart contracts. Doctors use end-diastolic volume to estimate the heart’s preload volume and to calculate stroke volume and ejection fraction. These different measurements indicate the health of a person’s heart.
The tone of the passage is best described as (A) scornful and unsympathetic (B) reverent and respectful (C) acerbic and cynical (D) serious but faintly condescending (E) irate but carefully judicious
Answer:
Option D , serious but faintly condescending
Explanation:
The passage for this question is
Throughout her history China had believed herself the center of civilization,
surrounded by barbarians. She was the Middle Kingdom, the center of the
universe, whose Emperor was the Son of Heaven, ruling by the Mandate of
Heaven. Convinced of their superior values, the Chinese considered that
China’s greatness was owed to principles of social order over a harmonious
whole. All outsiders whose misfortune was to live beyond her borders were
“barbarians’’ and necessarily inferiors who were expected, and indeed required,
to make their approach, if they insisted on coming, bearing tribute and
performing the kowtow in token of humble submission.
From the time of Marco Polo to the eighteenth century, visiting Westerners,
amazed and admiring, were inclined to take China at her own valuation. Her
recorded history began in the third millennium B.C., her bronzes were as old as
the pyramids, her classical age was contemporary with that of Greece, her
Confucian canon of ethics predated the New Testament if not the Old. She was
the inventor of paper, porcelain, silk, gunpowder, the clock and movable type,
the builder of the Great Wall, one of the wonders of the world, the creator of
fabrics and ceramics of exquisite beauty and of an art of painting that was
sophisticated and expressive when Europe’s was still primitive and flat . . . .
When at the end of the eighteenth century Western ships and merchants
surged against China’s shores, eager for tea and silk and cotton, they found no
reciprocal enthusiasm. Enclosed in the isolation of superiority, Imperial China
wanted no influx of strangers from primitive islands called Britain or France or Holland who came to live off the riches of the Middle Kingdom bearing only
worthless articles for exchange. They had ugly noses and coarse manners and wore ridiculous clothes with constricting sleeves and trousers, tight collars and coats that had tails down the back but failed to close in front. These were not the garments of reasonable men. A past-oriented society, safe only in seclusion, sensed a threat from the
importunate West. The Imperial Government raised every barrier possible by refusals, evasions, postponements, and prohibitions to foreign entry or
settlement or the opening of formal relations. Splendidly remote in the “Great Within’’ of the Forbidden City of Peking, the court refused to concern itself with the knocking on its doors. It would admit foreign embassies who came to plead for trade treaties only if they performed the ritual of three genuflections and
nine prostrations in approaching the Son of Heaven. British envoys, after
surmounting innumerable obstacles to reach Peking, balked at the kowtow and turned back empty-handed.
Solution -
In this passage , China is represented as a nation considering itself superior to all other nations on the basis of its civilization, values, social order etc. Earlier the western world admired the nation for its ancient civilization, tradition, merchandise, art and culture and ethics and inventor of some of the popular materials such as gun powder, clock, etc. However, with expectation of trading when the ships of western world reached the Chinese sea shore, they did not received any enthusiastic approach from them. This left China isolated. However after centuries later this nation itself made rule and regulation for trading across the border.
Thus, option D is correct.
You have a large, healthy philodendron that you carelessly leave in total darkness while you are away on vacation. You are surprised to find that it is still alive when you return. What has the plant been using for an energy source while in the dark?
A) While it did have access to light, the plant stored energy in the form of sugars or starch, and it was able to derive energy from the stored molecules during your vacation.
B) Even though the plant received no visible light, it was able to use the short-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum (gamma rays and X-rays) to carry out photosynthesis.
C) Even though it can't carry out the light reactions, the plant can still produce sugars because the Calvin cycle doesn't require light.
D) When light energy is not available, plants can derive energy from inorganic molecules.
E) None of the listed responses
Answer:
The answer is A.
Explanation:
Philodendron's are plants with naturally high temperatures and to maintain their temperature, they burn off fat as fuel during their life cycles because it is a better and more efficient source of energy. Because of this trait, the answer given in option A is a suitable explanation to the situation given in the question that the plant can use the sugar and starch that it had accumulated during the time it had access to sunlight and burned those off to provide energy for itself when it was left in the dark.
I hope this answer helps.
"The correct answer is A) While it did have access to light, the plant stored energy in the form of sugars or starch, and it was able to derive energy from the stored molecules during your vacation.
Plants require light to carry out photosynthesis, which is the process by which they convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions). The light-dependent reactions, as the name suggests, require light and occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Here, light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle, on the other hand, does not directly require light; however, it relies on the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to synthesize glucose.
Given that the philodendron was left in total darkness, it could not have performed the light-dependent reactions to produce new ATP and NADPH. Therefore, options B and C can be ruled out. Option B is incorrect because plants cannot use gamma rays and X-rays for photosynthesis; they require visible light. Option C is incorrect because, while the Calvin cycle does not require light, it cannot occur without the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions.
Option D suggests that plants can derive energy from inorganic molecules in the absence of light. This is not accurate; plants cannot directly use inorganic molecules as an energy source to replace photosynthesis.
Option A is the correct answer because it describes the process of energy storage and utilization in plants. Before being left in the dark, the philodendron would have stored energy in the form of sugars or starch, which are produced during photosynthesis. When the plant was placed in total darkness and could no longer perform photosynthesis, it would have used these stored energy reserves to maintain its metabolic processes and stay alive. This is a common survival strategy for plants, allowing them to endure periods when light is not available.
Therefore, the philodendron survived by using the energy stored in the form of sugars or starch that it had accumulated prior to being placed in darkness. This is consistent with the known biology of plants and explains how the philodendron could remain alive despite the absence of light."
Based on the structures discussed about neuronal anatomy, an action potential is more likely to travel _____________________. Group of answer choices from axon hillock to dendrite. from axon terminal to soma. from soma to axon terminal.
Answer:
From soma to axon terminal.
Explanation:
The signal travels in the neurons in the form of an action potential or the ions or the electrical impulse. The electrical impulse is generated in the axon hillock located one end of the cell body of the neuron which contains the nucleus.
The generated electrical impulse travels in the one direction from the soma or the axon hillock to the axon terminal via the axon ans cannot travel in both directions due to the refractory phase.
Thus, From soma to axon terminal is the correct answer.
"The drug naloxone can be used to counter the effects" of a heroin overdose by binding to opioid receptors and preventing heroin from binding to them. In this example, naloxone is an ___________________ at opioid receptors and heroin is an _______________________ at opioid receptors.
Answer:
Naloxone is an antagonist at opioid receptors and heroin is an agonist at opioid receptors
Explanation:
An agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and causes a biological reaction. In this case, heroine binds to opioid receptors. An antagonist blocks the reaction from the agonist, impeding the receptor's activation. Agonists and antagonists work for specific receptors, and for an antagonist to block an agonist they must bind to the same receptor, like naloxone does with heroin. Giving an antagonist that binds to one receptor and and agonist that binds to a different one means that the antagonist will have no effect.
Why are these organisms not classified as bacteria?
Why are amoeba, paramecium, and euglena not classified as bacteria?
Answer:They are eukaryotic cells.
Explanation:The bacteria is classified under the kingdom Monera of the 5 kingdom classification where the prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and blue green algae lives. These cells lack mitochondria or any membrane bound organelles inside their cells, lack nucleus, 80s ribosomes and golgi bodies etc. They have diferent cellular structure than the eukaryotic ones.
Whereas the amoeba, paramecium, and euglena, although unicellular are under the kingdom Protista where eukaryotic organisms live. They contains well defined nucleus, membrane bound organelles, mitochondria etc. Amoeba are protozoa, and euglena is autotroph in nature.
So they aren't called as bacteria.
Answer:
Unlike bacteria, the organisms shown are eukaryotic cells and contain a nucleus, mitochondria, and membrane bound organelles.