Answer: ABDUCTIVE REASONING.
Explanation: Abductive reasoning can be simply defined as the process of determining "plausibility" based on a set of evidence.
Plausibility here can be said to be an act/a fact that is seemingly or apparently valid, likely, or acceptable.
Inference is a truth or proposition drawn from another which is admitted or supposed to be true.
An inference to the best explanation is therefore known as an Abductive reasoning.
You can’t trust my opponent. Here she is speaking to you on the values of abstinence and abstinence education. Everyone knows she had a child out of wedlock while a teenager herself"" is an example of:
Answer: Ad Hominem.
Explanation: Ad Hominem is a fallacious arguments, where genuine reason for an argument or discussion is avoided by attacking the persons personality, character, Past mistakes, achievements, or any thing related to the person. This can simply be refered to as a person being abusive to another, in an argument or discussion. In this example the speaker was attacking his opponent, by talking about the character and personality of her opponent. The life biography of a person should not be attacked during an argument. If such is done, that means Ad Hominem has been committed .
The phrase represents an Ad Hominem fallacy, it's a rhetorical device where the speaker criticizes the personal characteristics of the opponent rather than addressing their argument.
Explanation:The statement "You can’t trust my opponent. Here she is speaking to you on the values of abstinence and abstinence education. Everyone knows she had a child out of wedlock while a teenager herself" is an example of Ad Hominem fallacy.
This is a rhetorical strategy where the speaker attacks the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself. It is seen as a method of diversion, distracting the audience from the actual issue being discussed to the personal characteristics or history of the opponent.
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The number of single-person households Select one: a. still can't compete with the growth of our couples-oriented society. b. are outpacing the growth of most other household types. c. more than doubled between 1970 and 2000. d. are outpacing the growth of most other household types and more than doubled between 1970 and 2000.
Answer:
d. are outpacing the growth of most other household types and more than doubled between 1970 and 2000.
Explanation:
Single-person households are not a new phenomenon, as there have always been people who have lived on their own throughout history. However, what is new is the rate at which this type of households are growing. As less and less people marry or have children nowadays, single-person households are becoming more common. This can be seen by the fact that the number of this type of households more than doubled between 1970 and 2000.
When a social pattern has recognized and intended consequences, these consequences are referred to as ________
Answer: Manifest function
Explanation:
Manifest function is refers to as the result or consequence of people’s action. Manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern. The function relates to the intended function of social policies, processes, or actions that are purposefully and deliberately designed to be beneficial in the society. Manifest functions are generally expected from the institutions to be fulfilled. The manifest functions are beneficial in nature to the society.
Marissa just finished completing her new employee questionnaire form for a job in sales. Despite being a rather shy, introverted person, Marissa checked all the areas that referred to her as a talkative and outgoing individual. She believes those extraverted characteristics are exactly what her new employer is looking for. Which concept is being illustrated?A) Participant biasB) The primacy effectC) Demand characteristicsD) The Rosenthal effect
The correct answer is C) Demand characteristics
Explanation:
Demand characteristics occur as participants or individuals change their characteristics (personality traits, options, qualities, etc.) based on the expectancies of another person. This phenomenon occurs in research as participants adapt to the expectations of the researcher but can also occur in other situations. Moreover, demand characteristics are related to unnatural behavior that emerges as individuals get clues or information about the expectancies of others.
Marissa's behavior illustrates demand characteristics because she is modifying her personality traits based on the expectations of the employer or company. Also, this is an unnatural behavior because she is shy and introverted but she answers she is extraverted in the questionnaire; this is likely because based on the information she had about the employer, she identified this employer is looking for extroverted candidates.
Marissa's representation of herself as outgoing and talkative, contrary to her true nature, to align with perceived employer expectations embodies the psychological concept of 'demand characteristics'. This occurs when a participant alters their behavior in response to their interpretation of researcher expectation.
Explanation:The concept being illustrated by Marissa's actions in her new job is Demand characteristics. Demand characteristics refer to the experimental artifacts that occur when participants intuit what they think the experimenter wants or expects, and change their behavior accordingly. Marissa, despite being introverted, checks the boxes that describe herself as outgoing, because she perceives this is what her new employer values. Essentially, Marissa is responding to the 'demands' of the situation rather than expressing her true personality traits.
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Social revolutions are most likely to occur under all but which one of the following social conditions? Select one: a. Political power is primarily concentrated in the state. b. The military's allegiance to the established power is quite strong. c. Political crises weaken the existing regime. d. A substantial segment of the population mobilizes in uprisings.
Answer:
B). The military's allegiance to the established power is quite strong.
Explanation:
Social revolutions are demonstrated as the unanticipated changes that aim to alter the social structure or character of a society. Some of the primary causes of such occurrences would include the excessive political or economical oppression, lack of fulfillment of people's needs that deprives or rejects them from their rights.
As per the question, social revolutions would occur in all the given cases except for 'The military's allegiance to the established power is quite strong' as the military has no affiliation to the rights or authorities of the masses but rather they are merely concerned about the safety and security of the nation. Thus, it could not lead to the social revolt. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
Two primary considerations in psychological measurement are validity and reliability. Without both, the results of a psychological study are meaningless. Explain the concepts of validity and reliability. Define internal and external validity, and give an example illustrating each.
Answer:
Explanation:
1) Validity: This concept takes into consideration if the test truly measures what it intends to. There are two types of validities: internal and external validity.
The first one considers the minimum conditions to ensure the interpretation of the data obtained (ex: A test being able to relate a low IQ with a particular learning disorder) whereas the second one considers the minimum conditions to ensure the generalization of the conclusions (ex: The relation between low IQ and that particular learning disorder is always present)
2) Reliability: Considers if the test is able to obtain interpretable data while being administrated on the same conditions everytime.
describe a time when you felt disoriented, uncertain, out of place or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture.
Answer:
I went to Italy with my parents and there was a moment when we got lost and neither of us could manage to ask directions to how to get back on track. Our gps was out of battery and our phone services were not working. Not knowing how to communicate is an awfall sensation
Explanation:
The feeling of desorenteation and uncertainty can brigh a lot of anguish. Being in an unfamiliar culture and not knowing the native lenguage is a mix of confussion and desperation.
Finally one of us got a signal and we could go back to the hotel, but it was terrible.
Culture shock refers to the disorientation one feels when encountering a foreign culture, progressing through phases of honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and mastery. Ethnocentric attitudes may emerge as individuals adjust to new cultural norms, diminishing over time with increased familiarity. Reverse culture shock can occur when returning home, facing changes that have occurred in one's absence.
Explanation:Culture Shock
Culture shock is the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life. When immersed in a new culture, disorientation, uncertainty, and feelings of being out of place can be intense. This is often described in a four-phase process: the honeymoon phase, negotiation, adjustment, and mastery. During the honeymoon phase, cultural differences are viewed positively, but during negotiation, these differences become sources of frustration. With time, individuals enter the adjustment phase, developing routines that help them grow accustomed to the new culture. Finally, in the mastery stage, they can participate fully in the new environment.
In addition to social discomforts like adjusting to new forms of communication or social time, such as differences in the pace of life and punctuality, travelers might experience practical difficulties related to language barriers, public hygiene, traffic safety, and food accessibility. These factors combined can lead to a heightened sense of disconnection, making it more challenging to adapt to the new surroundings. It's important to remember that culture is learned, and everyone goes through some degree of culture shock when exposed to a different way of life. Compassion and understanding are critical during the adaptation process.
Adjusting to a New Culture
Adjusting to a new culture takes time and experience. During this period, many individuals may exhibit ethnocentric behaviors, judging another culture based on the standards and norms of one's own culture. However, this can decrease over time as familiarity with the new culture increases.
Reverse culture shock can occur upon returning to one's home culture, where individuals may feel disoriented by changes that took place in their absence. They may have remembered their home through an idealized lens, and reintegrating can be as challenging as the initial culture shock they experienced when they first moved abroad.
Is it just when everyone gets equal shares regardless of need, when people get only the shares they merit or deserve (e.g., based on work or talent, or the work or talent of those who love them), or when everyone’s shares are adjusted somewhat to give all people a chance to meet their basic needs? Which principle of justice seems the most correct to you and why?
Answer: It is just when everyone gets equal shares regardless of needs.
Explanation: This is a principle of Justice from the "EGALITARIANISM" school of thought. Which says that everyone is equal, regardless of your age, position, race or achievement. This is the best principle of Justice to apply when sharing anything among group. This will bring in harmony and peace among group.
In almost all part of the world, they is always a group of people agitating for equal right and equal share among citizens. This will help to address jealousy among the rich and the poor.
Though using the principle of equal sharing may not be a good application of Moral among society in some aspects, just like paying a workman who has worked for 8hours in a day, the same amount with someone who has worked 3 hours in a day, which has the same job task and the same conditions of the task. But it goes beyond that, because our strength are not equal so our talent are not equal. So if one has more strength or is more talented, it should be best used when others are helped with it. And let it not just be an advantage to the individual, rather let it be a means of help to others, by sharing the payment gained, equally.
A research design is a(n) explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to measure the concept. speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. indicator of attitudes, behaviors, or characteristics of people or organizations. detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data.
Answer:
detailed plan or method for scientifically obtaining data
Explanation:
Research design is defined as a particular framework or technique of various research techniques or methods that are being chosen by an experimenter or the researcher. A research design or a specific research topic tends to explain various types of research and eventually related sub-types.
Types include correlational research, experimental research, survey, etc.
Sub-types include research problem, descriptive case study, experimental design, etc.
Final answer:
A research design is the comprehensive plan for conducting a sociological study, ensuring that findings are accurate and replicable. Sociologists use operational definitions and careful method selection to establish reliable and valid results. The design acts as a blueprint for the research process.
Explanation:
A research design is essentially the blueprint of a study, outlining how to collect, analyze, and interpret data. Sociologists, when confronted with a social issue or pattern, must meticulously plan and execute this design to ensure that their findings are reliable, valid, and provide an objective picture of the phenomenon being studied. To achieve this, sociologists must carefully define variables using operational definitions, choose the most appropriate methods such as surveys, experiments, or case studies, and ensure that everything within the study is systematically executed for accurate and replicable results.
Imperative to the process is the establishment of dependent and independent variables and applying operational definitions to terms to standardize the collection of data across different research efforts. Whether the research supports existing hypotheses or opens up new avenues of understanding, the rigour of the research method fortifies the study's contributions to sociological knowledge and potential policy implications.
Paul is investigating the potential genetic basis of borderline personality disorder. He is doing so by examining the relative occurrence of the disorder among either identical or fraternal twins, who are raised either together or in different families. Paul is best described as a
Answer:behavioral geneticist;
Explanation:Behavioral genetics is the study of genetic and environmental factors that influences an individual's behavior and how they Influence behavior. This study aims at scrutinizing the effect of genetic make up on one's behavior this is where the effect of nurture and nature can be evaluated. This study aims at finding answers on questions like how genes and environment together affect one's behavior and what specific genes are responsible for certain behavior.
Answer:
The answer is - Behavioral geneticist; Molecular psychologist
Explanation:
A behavioral geneticist is someone who studies the influence of genetics and environment of behaviors. They use genetic methods to carry out researches on the nature of individual differences in behavior and how it originates.
A molecular psychologist is one who uses the tools of molecular biology to study behavior and how it relates to the the brain structure and system. Molecular psychology has roots in behavioral genetics.
Consider the following statement: "I examined the statistics for our basketball team’s wins last year and found that, when the third team played more, the winning margin increased. If the coach played the third team more, we would win by a bigger margin." Evaluate this statement.
Answer:
The statement can be evaluated by saying that a large lead that was to be chased by the third team before the game ended made them play more and caused a large margin. Here, the association is not causation.
Explanation:
The examination of the statistics done by someone who seems to be one of the players is incorrect. It is so because though there is an apparent correlation between two different variables of the study, it has no role to play in the result of the study. The lead margin secured by the third team and the overall lead of the teams that played under one coach cannot be said to have influenced each other.The statement about the third team playing more and increasing the winning margin requires careful evaluation of correlation vs. causation. Detailed data analysis and consideration of potential biases are necessary to substantiate the claim. Comprehensive analysis is essential before asserting a causal relationship.
The statement presented suggests a causal relationship between the playtime of the third team and the basketball team’s winning margin. To evaluate this, we need to consider several factors:
Correlation vs. Causation: Just because there is a correlation between the third team playing more and the winning margin increasing, it does not mean one causes the other. The increased margin could be due to other factors.Data Analysis: To substantiate the claim, detailed statistical analysis is required. This analysis should look at all variables that could affect the winning margin, such as the team’s overall performance, the strength of the opponents, and individual player performance.Sample Size: How many games were analyzed? A larger sample size generally provides more reliable data.Attribution Bias: It’s important to consider potential biases, as highlighted by Roesch & Amirkham (1997). Often, we attribute wins to controllable factors (like playing certain players) and losses to external factors.In conclusion, while the statement makes an interesting observation, it requires more comprehensive data analysis to claim that playing the third team more would definitively increase the winning margin.
Consider evaluating statistical methods and ensuring comprehensive analysis before making any causal claims.
Which of the following is true? i) A rational choice is made on the margin. ii) Microeconomics is the study of the national economy while macroeconomics is the study of the global economy. iii) Economists try to understand how the economic world works by testing normative statements.
The correct answer is A rational choice is made on the margin.
Sharon has been bouncing ideas off friends as she tries to decide whether she should major in chemistry or chemical engineering. Which of the multiple factors that influence psychological health is Sharon utilizing?A) Community
B) Social supports
C) Polling data
D) Family
Answer:
The answer is B- Social Supports
Explanation:
Sharon is utilizing Social support which is the physical and emotional comfort and assistance given by people one can lean on, depend on and trust such as family members, co-workers, friends. It means having people you can come to when you are in need of help or support or advise. Sharon is asking her friends' opinion on her ideas on if she should major in Chemistry or Chemical Engineering and it shows she is utilizing social support.
What term do sociologists use to describe the phenomenon whereby subjects deviate from their typical behavior because they realize they are under observation?
The correct answer is the Hawthorne effect
The preponderance of the psychological factor over the physiological factor has been proven: the efficiency of workers is affected by psychological conditions. The conclusion (which became known as the Hawthorne experiment) is that productivity goes up when workers perceive that the company's management pays attention to them .
Variability exists in all processes and comes from two sources: (1) natural causes and (2) assignable causes. The purpose of control charts is to detect assignable causes of variation. True False
Answer: True
Explanation: Natural cause are those variation seen as a result of nature. This is seen in everyday activity and it is the same in all production lines. This cause can't be controlled or influenced. Production may be altered if this causes are controlled or tried to to he influenced.
Assigned cause are those cause that comes as a result of an external force or variable affecting production. This causes are man made or activities caused by.
In a control chat, the variation the chart is meant to address is the assignable cause which tend the alter the line of production to give a different result, from what is known under a natural cause.
Many of the most important scientists and scholars in the world agrees that human beings will one day colonize other planets. True False
Answer:
True
Explanation:
Space colonization (also called space settlement, or extraterrestrial colonization) is permanent human habitation off the planet Earth.
Many arguments have been made for and against space colonization.
The two most common in favor of colonization are survival of human civilization and the biosphere in the event of a planetary-scale disaster (natural or man-made), and the availability of additional resources in space that could enable expansion of human society.
in any given amount of time,
a.Maria has an absolute and a comparative advantage in typing
b.Maria has an absolute and a comparative advantage in doing laundry
c.Maria has a comparative advantage in both typing and doing laundry
d.Hans has an absolute and a comparative advantage in typing
e.Hans has an absolute advantage in doing laundry
The correct answer is letter B
Explanation: Maria has an absolute and a comparative advantage in doing laundry.
What is the relationship between social class and race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today?
Answer:
Ethnicity is the culture, practice, or value among group of people.
Gender is refered as the division of a category of population as female and male.
Social class is the position individual who lives in the U.S according to their income,educational qualification, and privilege to other resources.
Race is the physical differences that we can observe among a social group.
Age: in this content we will see age as the level of exposure an individual, has gotten from a social group, that is how matured the individual behavior.
To show the relationship between all this, among the residents in the United State today.
• In the United States, most of the Hispanic are among the poor social class. Their behave more matured, as their are more exposed to different struggle of life. Their female are more beautiful when compared to their males.
• most of the white skins belong to the rich social class. Their are low thinkers in terms of matured behavior, because their have not been exposed to some struggles of life. Their female like dating their males, as most of them don't like mixing race.
• The Blacks are the most exposed groups in terms of maturity, most of them belong to the middle and poor class of the social group. Their all have very similar way of life and value, their male and female loves sports and games
• The Asians are less matured group, which belongs to the rich and poor social class of the Americans, most of their male and female don't participate in sports and games, their have rich culture, and always behave in a similar way.
Theirs are some other race in America, which are very minor group
The fallacy of equivocation and the fallacy of amphiboly are both examples of which of the following fallacy-categories:
a. Fallacy of Illicit Transference
b. Fallacy of Presumption
c. Fallacy of Ambiguity
d. Fallacy of Weak Induction
Answer: FALLACY OF AMBIGUITY.
Explanation: Fallacy of ambiguity occurs when an argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at issue, while in reality it is not is open to more than one interpretation, explanation or meaning, if that meaning cannot be determined from its context.
The fallacy of equivocation and the fallacy of amphiboly in context means almost the same thing. Logical fallacy resulting from use of multiple meanings in a statement.
The fallacy of equivocation and the fallacy of amphiboly are categorized as fallacies of ambiguity.
The fallacy of equivocation and the fallacy of amphiboly both belong to the category of fallacies of ambiguity. These kinds of fallacies occur when a word, phrase, or sentence is used ambiguously, thereby leading to a misunderstanding in the argument's conclusion. The fallacy of equivocation happens when a key term or phrase is used with different meanings throughout an argument, while the fallacy of amphiboly arises due to grammatical structure that creates ambiguity.
The correct answer to the student's question is: c. Fallacy of Ambiguity.
Animal call systems a. express information about things that are not currently in their present environment b. can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli c. can combine calls to make new call meanings d. all of the above
Answer: Option B. Can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli
Explanation:
A call system is a form of oral communication system used by some animals such as birds to communicate. Animal call systems are stimuli dependent, which means that an animal can only communicate in response to a real-world stimulus. Most animals make use of sounds, gestures, and movements of the body as call system to communicate. Animal call systems tend to be virtually the same within a species with only minor differences between call systems used in widely separated regions.
Animal calls are a form of communication that can express information about things not currently present, are not limited to real-world stimuli, and can combine calls to create new meanings.
Explanation:Animal calls are a way for animals to communicate with each other. They can express information about things that are not currently in their present environment, such as the presence of a predator that has been observed in the area. Animal calls are not limited to real-world stimuli, as they can also be used to convey information about past or future events. Additionally, animal calls can combine different calls to create new meanings, allowing for more complex communication systems.
A ________________ is a relatively dense and permanent concentration of people who secure their livelihood chiefly through nonagricultural activities. Select one: a. city b. megalopolis c. corporation d. suburban area
Answer:
City
Explanation:
A city is a relatively dense and permanent concentration of people who secure their livelihood chiefly through non-agricultural activities.
A megalopolis is also known as a supercity, it comprises of two or more adjacent metropolitan regions, it is generally larger than a city.
Suburban areas relatively lower in density compared to city (they could be part of a city); they separate commercial areas from residential areas.
City is the correct answer
During the 1990s worker productivity growth spiked as computers and the internet were introduced to many businesses for the first time. How did this affect the natural unemployment rate?
Answer:
Natural unemployment decreased as productivity growth outstripped wage growth
Explanation:
As computers and the internet were introduced to business for the first time, unlike other technologies, natural unemployment decreased. It was feared that computers and the internet would increase the rate of employment. However the growth in productivity as a result of the introduction of internet and computers was tremendous that it overtook the growth in wages, even better than it used to be.
Why are some sociologists critical of the religious economy approach to looking at religious involvement?
Explanation:
Religious economy may refer to the religious people and the organizations that interact within the market framework of competing groups as well as ideologies. Sociologist evaluates the religious economy market to overestimate the extent where people rationally tends to choose among the different religions, as if they were purchasing a new car or buying a new house.
Aramis Inc. is a small Canadian software firm that develops online learning platforms for clients across the globe. It has operations in Australia and New Zealand. It increasingly uses technology tools to communicate and coordinate its activities. It has easy access to talent, and its staffing costs are low. Given this information, it can be said that Aramis Inc. is most likely a _____.
Answer:
The answer for the blank space is: micro-multinational company or corporation.
Explanation:
Based on the description (small firm that develops online learning platforms for clients across the globe), it can be said that Aramis Inc. is most likely a micro-multinational company or corporation because it’s a small firm that has operations in other countries around the world, apart from its country of origin.
When an enlightened person achieves the first stage of nirvāṇa, that person ____________________________.
A. no longer experiences strong desires or aversions.
B. ceases to exist altogether.
C. will come back in future lives to remove the suffering of others.
D. stops experiencing any pain or pleasure at all.
When an enlightened person achieves nirvāṇa, this individual primarily stops experiencing strong desires or aversions. It does not imply cessation of existence or cessation of experiencing pleasure or pain.
Explanation:In the context of Buddhism, when an enlightened person achieves the first stage of nirvāṇa, that person no longer experiences strong desires or aversions. This state indicates a person has eliminated the personal delusions of desire, and aversion, hence experiences a significant reduction in suffering. However, it does not mean that person ceases to exist, stops experiencing pain or pleasure, or is bound to reincarnate to alleviate the suffering of others. The first enlightenment stage mainly emphasizes the diminishing of desires which cause suffering and torment in life. To put it simply, an enlightened person in nirvāṇa experiences a more peaceful state of mind, free of disrupting and intense desires or aversions.
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Since humans process visuals 60,000 times faster than text, visuals can improve learning by up to ________ percent A. 100 B. 50 C. 300 D. 200 E. 400
Answer:
400 percent
Explanation:
In real sense, the human brain has the capability to process images 60,000 times faster than text. However, 90 percent of the information received by the brain is visual in nature. Human beings are visual by nature, thus this skill can be used by humans to improve how they process data and organizational effectiveness.
If a bird used the 'There is a hawk' signal when there was no hawk, thereby frightening his colleagues away, leaving him to eat all their food, we might say he had told a lie. We would not mean he had deliberately intended consciously to deceive. All that is implied is that the liar gained food at the other birds' expense, and the reason the other birds flew away was that they reacted to the liar's cry in a way appropriate to the presence of a hawk.
Answer: The bird lied to his fellow Members just to have all the food to herself.
Explanation: The Lie was actually implied so that others would not be part takers in sharing in the meal that was actually meant for all of them. Which could be termed as act of selfishness
In this question, the subject is English. It discusses the concept of telling a lie without intending to deceive, using the example of a bird using a false hawk signal. The scenario helps illustrate the impact of false information on the behavior of others.
Explanation:The subject of this question is English.
In this statement, the speaker is discussing the concept of telling a lie without the intention to deceive. They use the example of a bird using a false signal of a hawk to frighten its colleagues and have more food for itself. However, while the bird did not intentionally deceive its colleagues, it still gained food at their expense. The reason the other birds flew away was their natural reaction to the cry, as if a hawk were truly present.
This scenario helps illustrate the impact of false information and its consequences on the behavior of others, even when there is no intention to deceive.
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In Pagan v. Fruchey and Village of Glendale, Pagan sued, questioning a village ordinance prohibiting the parking of a car on a public street for the purpose of displaying it for sale. Pagan won because
Answer: Because Glendale did not prove that the ordinance directly advanced their claimed governmental interest because they based their argument on opinion rather than data
The presentation by the Village failed to meet its burden of showing that the ordinance actually advances its claimed interest in public safety.
Associates in high-power distance cultures do not expect to receive a ____. A. great deal of information B. great deal of motivation C. great deal of respect D. great deal of compensation E. Both C
Answer:
D. great deal of compensation
Explanation:
The power distance is the degree to which the less powerful members of the institution and the organization accepts the power and distributed unequally and they feel a great deal of information and a great deal of motivation and respect and a less deal of compensation as they are represented by a hierarchy of levels.Which of the following is NOT cited in the book as one of the three reasons why differences in perception occur? Group of answer choices Present eating habits Past experience Identity factors Present feelings and circumstances
Answer:
Present eating habits
Explanation:
Perception is the process of seeing, understanding and interpreting the sensory information through the senses.
Different people have different perception of things. Different perception arises because people have different past experiences. Different people are exposed to the different identity factors regarding different situations to have different perception of the situations. Perceptions are also affected by the present feelings and the circumstances of various individuals.