For a science fair project, two students decided to repeat the Hershey and Chase experiment, with modifications. They decided to label the nitrogen of the DNA, rather than the phosphate. They reasoned that each nucleotide has only one phosphate and two to five nitrogens. Thus, labeling the nitrogens would provide a stronger signal than labeling the phosphates. Why won't this experiment work?
A) Radioactive nitrogen has a half-life of 100,000 years, and the material would be too dangerous for too long.
B) There is no radioactive isotope of nitrogen.
C) Although there are more nitrogens in a nucleotide, labeled phosphates actually have 16 extra neutrons; therefore, they are more radioactive.
D) Amino acids (and thus proteins) also have nitrogen atoms; thus, the radioactivity would not distinguish between DNA and proteins.
Answers
Answer:
D) Amino acids (and thus proteins) also have nitrogen atoms; thus, the radioactivity would not distinguish between DNA and proteins.
Explanation:
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase carried out an experiment by employing the sulfur labeled proteins and phosphorous labeled DNA of the phage. These phages were permitted to infect bacteria. It was noted that the DNA had entrance to the bacterial cells and was thought to be the genetic material. The offspring of the phages that were marked with radioactive phosphorus was still marked although the offspring of the phages marked with radioactive sulfur were unmarked. This proved that DNA and not protein can be labeled as genetic material. When students employed the use of radioactive nitrogen in lieu of radioactive phosphorous, and could not obtain the required results due to nitrogen being found in proteins and DNA as nitrogen bases. Therefore, the radioactivity could not differentiate between DNA and proteins.
In view of this, the right answer is
D.
'Amino acids (and thus proteins) also have nitrogen atoms. Thus, the radioactivity would not distinguish between DNA and proteins.'
Related Questions
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to A) prevent the external environment from changing. B) prevent the internal environment from changing. C) quickly restore changed conditions to normal. D) ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest. E) prevent excessive blood loss.
Answers
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. The body achieves this through mechanisms that restore changed conditions to normal by constantly adjusting certain functions. Examples include regulating body temperature and blood glucose levels.
Explanation:The correct answer to your question about homeostasis is C) quickly restore changed conditions to normal. Homeostasis is the process through which the body maintains a state of equilibrium or stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment. It functions to ensure consistency within specific parameters for body functions. This dynamic equilibrium is constantly adjusting to changes both internally and externally.
For example, when body temperature rises due to external heat, the body cools itself down through perspiration. On the other hand, if the blood glucose level rises after a meal, the body works to lower it, either by sending the excess glucose to cells that need it or storing it for later use. These are examples of homeostatic mechanisms, which are crucial for the survival and health of an organism.
Through the maintenance of these conditions in a state of dynamic equilibrium, conditions such as body temperature and blood calcium level can be effectively regulated to ensure the smooth functioning of an organism's internal environment.
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Considering the Mendelian traits tall (D) versus dwarf (d) and violet (W) versus white (w), consider the crosses below and determine the genotypes of the parental plants by analyzing the phenotypes of the offspring.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:for a mendelian cross between a Talk(D) and a dwarf individual (d)
DD×dd= Dd Dd Dd Dd
The offspring will be heterozygote all loci i.e all the offspring will be tall this is because one of the parents carries a dominant gene for tallness and the other parent carries a recessive gene for tallness.
This may not follow for the progeny's offspring as segregation will occur at the 2nd filial generation.
The same principle applies for violet and white, progeny will be heterozygous at all loci i.e violet color
inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individuals units known as genes. In organisms that reproduce sexually, genes are passed from parents to their offspring. In cases in which two or more forms of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive. In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has two copies of each gene one from each parent. These genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed. The alleles for different genes usually segregated independently of one another
Answers
Genes are units that determine biological characteristics of individuals, with variations known as dominant or recessive. They separate or segregate when sexually reproducing organisms reproduce, and different genes usually assort independently.
Explanation:The inheritance of biological characteristics in individuals is indeed determined by units known as genes. In sexually reproducing organisms, each parent contributes one set of genes to their offspring. These genes determine the traits or characteristics of the offspring. If a gene has more than one form, or allele, these variations can be dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles will express their trait even if only one is present. Recessive alleles will only express their trait when two copies are present. The process by which these genes are separated and passed on when organisms reproduce is called segregation. Additionally, different genes tend to assort independently, a principle known as independent assortment.
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One of your fellow systematists has asked you to help her group organisms into a valid phylogenetic tree. At present, she has grouped species G, H, and K. Which, if any, additional species would you also need to add to ensure the grouping is monophyletic?
Answers
Answer and explanation:
Monophyletic species are the species whose lineage belongs to the common recent phylogenetic ancestor. As mentioned in the question, the girl has 3 species namely G, H, and K. Because there is no other criteria given, we assume that the closeness of alphabets would reflect the closeness of species. Thus, G and H are closer relative than K. Therefore, if she adds I, and J species in the list, all of them will be closer relatives and we can say that they are monophyletic now.
A geneticist isolates a gene for a specific trait under study She also isolates the corresponding mRNA Upon comparison, the mRNA is found to contain 1,000 fewer bases than the DNA sequence. Did the geneticist isolate the wrong DNA? A) yes, mRNA is made from a DNA template and should be the same length as the gene sequence B) yes, the mRNA should contain more bases than the DNA sequence because bases flanking the gene are also C) no, the final mRNA contains only exons, the introns were D) no, the mRNA was partially degraded after it was removed
Answers
Answer:
C) no, the final mRNA contains only exons, the introns were removed
Explanation:
Exons are the coding areas while the introns are non-coding areas. Both of these are the sequences of nucleotide within a gene.
RNA splicing is a process which usually occurs as the RNA matures, causing the removal of introns ( non coding areas of the RNA ) i-e they will not be expressed in the final messenger RNA, while exons continue to form covalent bonds with one another to form a mature mRNA.
So in the given scenario, Upon comparison, the mRNA is found to contain 1,000 fewer bases than the DNA sequence because the introns were removed by RNA splicing.
Hence option C) no, the final mRNA contains only exons, the introns were removed is correct.
What source of energy would plants release in catabolic reactions? Would an animal release the same kind of energy?
Answers
Answer:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Animals also release this source of energy.
Explanation:
All living organisms require energy to perform their life functions. This energy is obtained by breaking down organic molecules (usually glucose) in a catabolic reaction called CELLULAR RESPIRATION. These organic molecules store energy in their chemical bonds, this energy in a usable form by the cell (ATP) is released when organisms undergo cellular respiration (catabolism).
Plants likewise animals undergo this catabolic process and the same form of energy (ATP) is released for use via this process.
There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the samespecies as modern humans, or into a separate species of their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so farindicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which speciesconcept is most applicable in this example?A) phylogeneticB) ecologicalC) morphologicalD) biological
Answers
Answer:
Option-D
Explanation:
There are many ways to define a species on the basis of the phylogeny, morphology and biological relationships.
The species according to the biological species concept are the organisms which can interbreed and produce the fertile offsprings but show reproductive isolation from other species.
In the given question, the modern humans and Neanderthals showed no gene flow that is they are not able to reproduce between them or we can say that they were reproductively isolated from each other. Therefore they can be classified according to the biological species concept.
Thus, Option-D is the correct answer.
The difference between DNA and RNA is that RNA consists of a double-stranded helix of sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases. true or false
Answers
Answer: The statement is false
Explanation:
It is a false statement because both DNA and RNA could consists of a double-stranded helix of sugars, phosphate groups, and nitrogenous bases.
The major differences however, is that thymine is found only in DNA, while uracil is found only in RNA molecules.
Unlike the other senses, humans' sense of _____ is closely related to emotional and social behavior.
Answers
Which act or regulations protect the arm industry from food emergencies?
A. FIFRA
B. HSPD
C. CERD
D. PACA
Answers
Answer:
FIFRA
Explanation:
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a United States federal law that set up the basic U.S. system of pesticide regulation to protect applicators, consumers, and the environment.
The Homeland Security Presidential Directive 12 (HSPD-12) is the directive that was issued for "Policy for a Common Identification Standard for Federal Employees and Contractors".
The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) is the body of independent experts that monitors implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination by its State parties.
The Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act (PACA) was enacted at the request of the fruit and vegetable industry to promote fair trade in the industry. PACA ...
In the endocrine system, chemical messengers called _____, which circulate through the _____, communicate information from one part of the body to another.
Answers
The chemical messengers in the endocrine system are called hormones, which circulate through the blood to convey information between different parts of the body. They are secreted by glands and influence various biological functions by acting on specific target cells.
Explanation:In the endocrine system, chemical messengers called hormones, which circulate through the blood, communicate information from one part of the body to another. Hormones are produced by glands in our bodies, such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands. They are released into the blood which then carries them around the body. Each type of hormone is designed to affect only certain cells, known as target cells, which have the necessary receptor to respond to that particular hormone. This regulation of bodily functions through hormones serves integral roles in our physiology, from growth and development to metabolism and mood regulation.
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In the endocrine system, hormones, which are chemical messengers, circulate through the bloodstream to communicate information from one part of the body to another. Hormones are released by endocrine glands and act on target cells having specific receptors, triggering a specific response and maintaining homeostasis.
Explanation:In the endocrine system, chemical messengers called hormones, circulate through the bloodstream, transmitting information from one part of the body to another. These hormones are released into body fluids, like blood, by certain organs known as endocrine glands and are carried to target cells. These target cells have receptors that recognize and bind these hormones, triggering a specific response. Examples of endocrine glands include the adrenal glands, which produce hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine that regulate responses to stress, and the thyroid gland, which produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolic rates. Thus, hormones play a key role in maintaining homeostasis within the body, enabling coordination and communication between different systems and organs.
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The person who introduced vaccination into Europe was Choose one: A. Edward Jenner. B. Robert Koch. C. Mary Montagu. D. Louis Pasteur.
Answers
On July 6, 1885, Pasteur vaccinated Joseph Meister, a nine-year-old boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog. The vaccine was so successful that it brought immediate glory and fame to Pasteur.
Answer: A. Edward jenner
My Explanation: well known around the world for his innovative contribution to immunization and the ultimate eradication of smallpox.and also another fact is his work is widely regarded as the foundation of immunology.
Part A Nitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____. Nitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____. nitrogen gas ... ammonium nitrogen gas ... nitrates ammonium ... nitrites nitrates ... nitrogen gas ammonium ... nitrogen gas
Answers
Answer:
ammonium ... nitrites
Explanation:
All living organisms including plants require certain nutrients to sustain their growth. Plants get most of their nutrients from the soil that anchors them. However, some of these nutrients like nitrogen are found in a fixed state and needs to be converted to usable forms. Nitrogen is a key component of living cells as it is used to build certain structures e.g protein, DNA etc. in the cell.
Certain groups of bacteria called NITRIFYING BACTERIA which are capable of using energy from chemical compounds to form organic molecules. They are important aerobic microbes that play a significant role in Agriculture, as in the process of them obtaining nutrients, they help convert ammonium in the soil into nitrites (fixed nitrogen). Groups of nitrifying bacteria that perform this initial task include: Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus etc. Other nitrifying bacteria from another genus-Nitrobacter, converts the nitrite into the most usable form by plants (nitrates).
In the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noted that there were many physical changes that occurred over generations between the organisms in the mainland and those from the Island. How can isolation of a group result in a new species?
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The situation given in the question can be an example of "Divergent Evolution" which can be described as the formation of different or new species because of environmental changes or changes in the habitat.
The isolation between the organisms from the mainland and the islands over generations lead to the genetic exchange getting cut off and therefore leads to the evolution of the different species since there is no interaction between them and their environments are also different. This results in new species through adaptation over time.
I hope this answer helps.
Explain how you might be able to tell if your local weather was being affected by global warming.
Answers
The summers are more warm as the temperature has increased.
Explanation:
Global warming is caused by the increase in atmospheric or earth's temperature.
The greenhouse effect has been the major cause of global warming.
We know that the earth's temperature would have been so cold to survive, this problem is solved by greenhouse gases.
As the concentration of gases increase the earth's temperature is also increasing.
This increase in temperature of the planet is causing summers with high temperatures, also due to excessive evaporation rainfall is also lessened. The dry air is evaporating more quickly than precipitation or vice-versa sometimes. The water cycle is disturbed and rainfall is nil or flood is there.
How many degrees of freedom should be used when looking up the critical value for a chi-square analysis of the ratios of phenotypes observed among the F2 offspring versus the expected phenotypic ratio assuming independent assortment?
Answers
Answer:
3
Explanation:
The total number of degree of freedom in a chi-square analysis is given by following equation
[tex]D_f= N-1[/tex]
Where "N" represents the total number of sample or total number of classes of offspring in a cross.
For instance, in a monohybrid cross, the total number of classes of offspring in this cross is two, thus degree of freedom is one. However, in a dihybrid class the total number of classes of offspring in this cross in F1 generation is four, thus degree of freedom is three.
In F2 generation, the total number of class of offspring still remains four in number irrespective of number of individuals in each class. Thus, in F2 generation too the number of degree of freedom in chi square Analysis will remain 3
The maximum quantity of free values that are rational in the set of data is called the degree of freedom.
The number of degrees that should be used for chi-square analysis is three.
This can be explained as:
The number of degrees of freedom is given as:[tex]\text{D}_\text{f} =\text{N -1}[/tex]
In the above equation, N represents the total sample or the offspring classes in a cross.
In the case of a monohybrid cross the total offspring class is two so the degree of freedom will be:[tex]\text{D}_\text{f} =\text{2 - 1} = 1[/tex]
In the case of a dihybrid cross, the F1 generation has four numbers, therefore,[tex]\text{D}_\text{f} =\text{4 - 1} = 3[/tex]
The degree of freedom will be three.
Even in the F2 generation, the quantity of the class remains the same and hence the degree of freedom will be three.
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When polluters buy, sell, and trade permits with other polluters, this is called a __________. a. polluter-pays system b. cap-and-trade emissions c. trading system subsidy d. revolving-door policy
Answers
Answer:
Option B
Explanation:
In the cap and trade emission policy, the government of any country fixes the total amount or quantity of pollution which it can accept as a part of essential manufacturing and other industrial activities. Based on the total quantity, it issue permits to each industry a certain amount of pollution cap which it can release in a year and in case of exceed of the given limit, the polluter will be fined.
This system allows the polluters to exchange their permit benefits among themselves by trading (inclusive of buying and selling)
Hence, option B is correct
Which of the following statements is NOT one of the four major concepts of the cell theory? a. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. b.The activity of an organism emerges from the individual combined activities of the cell. c.Cells arise from other cells. d.The function of a cell dictates the structure and organelles of the cells.
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is - option D.
Explanation:
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann were the scientists that produce the cell theory that is extended by Rudolf virchow.
According to the cell theory cells are arise from the already existing cells, that they are organizational or structural unit of all organism. The final point of the organism are made of cells.
Thus, the correct answer is option D.
Cell Theory:
The two scientists named "Matthias Schleiden" and "Theodor Schwann" were developed the cell hypothesis, which Rudolf Virchow expanded on.
Cells, as per the cell theory, develop through pre-existing cells and serve as the organizing or structural component among all organisms. Cells are responsible for this same organism's overarching conclusion or position.Thus the response above i.e., "option d" is correct.
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Chemicals in the aid can combine with rain to produce acid rain which is harmful to the environment. Which of these is mostly likely to be the pH or acid rain ?
Answers
Answer:
The pH in water that comes from acid rain can reach up to 4, due to its combination with chemicals suspended in the air.
Explanation:
For this problem the options are:
A. 0
B. 4
C.10
D. 14
Normal rainwater typically has a pH of between 5 and 6 (average 5.5), but usually decreases when combined with polluting gases from industries and the use of fossil fuels.
Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are the main causes of acid rain, as combined with atmospheric water steam produce acids that are then part of precipitation, whose water has a pH of 4.
In addition:
0 is an extremely acidic pH. 10 and 14 (options C and D) correspond to strong bases.Learn more:
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A client has been admitted in the emergency care unit with conditions of respiratory distress and pneumonia. The client's condition worsens and requires mechanical ventilation. While visiting this client in the hospital, the family observes members of the health care team washing their hands upon entering and leaving the room. By implementing recommended hand hygiene measures, which organization's goals is the health care team supporting
Answers
Answer:
Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs).
Explanation:
Different programs has been introduced by the government to provides health care and services to the people of the nation. The main aim is to provide proper medication to the problem.
Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals main aim is to reduce the health care infections. The main matters of this organization is related to the safety, public health, welfare and examination in the nursing. This also highlights the patient satisfaction.
Thus, the answer is joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals
There are two different alleles for flower color, P and p. The image shows a purple sweet pea that is labeled with its two alleles for petal color.
A purple sweet pea is labeled Upper P Upper P.
Which is the genotype of the sweet pea?
A.heterozygous dominant
B.heterozygous recessive
C.homozygous dominant
D.homozygous recessive
Answers
Answer:
c
Explanation:
PP= dominant and homozygous because two same traits
A model of segregation of alteles during meiosis is shown here. A student hypothesizes that failure for chromosomes to segregate
during melosis might impact the phenotype of the resulting offspring, if those gametes are fertilized. What question is most relevant
for the student to ask about the outcome of a lack of segregation of chromosomes?
Answers
Answer:
b
Explanation:
There are two different alleles for flower color, P and p. The image shows a white sweet pea that is labeled with its two alleles for petal color.
A white sweet pea is labeled p p.
What can you surmise from the labeled image?
A.The genotype is heterozygous.
B.White petal color is a recessive trait.
C.White petal color is a dominant trait.
D.The phenotype is heterozygous.
Answers
Answer:
the white petal color is a recessive trait
im positive thats the answer bc i remember doing this lol :)
Answer:
There are two different alleles for flower color, P and p. The image shows a white sweet pea that is labeled with its two alleles for petal color.
A white sweet pea is labeled p p.
What can you surmise from the labeled image?
The genotype is heterozygous.
White petal color is a recessive trait. **
White petal color is a dominant trait.
The phenotype is heterozygous.
Explanation:
Prior to the elucidation of the genetic code, prominent scientists, including Francis Crick, had predicted that each mRNA codon, coding for one of the 20 amino acids, needed to be at least three nucleotides long. Why is it not possible for codons to be any shorter?
Answers
Answer:
The genetic code may be defined as the triplet code of the nucleotides that codes for the particular amino acids. This genetic code is heritable in nature and mutation is these code can cause disease.
The codons cannot be shorter because the least three nucleotides only allows the combination of the 64 possible that contain 4 different nucleotides. These nucleotides are possible at the three different position within the codon.
Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? a. Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains. b. The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell. c. All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell. d. Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.
Answers
The correct principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure is that phospholipids form a bilayer which is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. The model emphasizes the dynamic, flexible, and varied nature of the cell membrane structure.
Explanation:The
fluid mosaic model
of cell membrane structure is a principal concept in biology. It characterizes the cell membrane as a dynamic, flexible structure that resembles a 'fluid' because of its ability to shift and change shape and position. Its 'mosaic' nature is due to the variety of molecules, such as proteins and phospholipids, embedded within it. In this context, option
d. Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules
is the correct principle of the fluid mosaic model. Phospholipids indeed consist of a polar (hydrophilic) head and a nonpolar (hydrophobic) tail, thus forming a lipid bilayer in which the hydrophilic heads face outwards and the hydrophobic tails face inwards. This structure is what makes the cell membrane largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.
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what is the term used to describe the intake of a vitamin or mineral that greatly exceeds the recommended amounts?
Answers
Answer:
The term for vitamins intake is calles vitaminosis or Hypervitaminosis. There is not coined name for the excess of minerals, but it toxic, like iron, cooper, among others.
Explanation:
The nurse is speaking with the parents of a school-aged child recently diagnosed with diabetes mellitus regarding the differences between hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Which statement by a parent indicates a need for further teaching?
Answers
Answer:
They want to teach him because they want him to make his own living by a source...
Explanation:
It is possible that the parents are old and aren't in a condition to support their child. It is also possible that they both have Diabetes Mellitus already that's why their child also has and they couldn't keep up with him. They wanted their child to have proper medication throughout his lifetime so that he can continue his study and make a living by his own means.
The description "students who are in danger of failing to complete their education with a level of skills necessary to survive in a modern technological society" best describes which of the following?a. Low-SES students
b. Cultural minority students
c. Students with ineffective learning styles
d. Students placed at risk
Answers
Answer:
c
Explanation:
The best statement for the following condition is students with ineffective learning styles. Hence option c is correct.
What are learning styles?Learning styles are defined as the methods used by various students to learn. A person's preferred method of information intake, processing, comprehension, and retention is referred to as their learning style. The four main learning preferences are kinesthetic, tactile, auditory, and visual. Learning styles can make it simpler to construct, alter, and create curricula and educational programs that are more effective.
Low performance carries a price, as previous research has demonstrated: children who perform poorly in school are more likely to drop out and less likely to find stable, well-paying jobs. However, there is also a social cost: a sizable percentage of underachievers has negative effects on economic development.
Thus, the best statement for the following condition is students with ineffective learning styles. Hence option c is correct.
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Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection? a. Individuals experience uniform success in their ability to survive or reproduce. b. Individuals experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce. c. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits. d. Individuals experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce.
Answers
Answer:
c. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits.
Explanation:
Natural selection works on a population when genetic variations are present in its members. Some genetic traits make the organisms better adapted to the prevailing surroundings. These individuals survive more and reproduce more successfully due to the presence of specific genetic traits. Over the generations, the proportion of the beneficial genetic trait increases due to the increased reproductive success of these individuals. This is called natural selection. On the other hand, the individuals that lack these traits survive and reproduce less.
The statements which is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection is C. Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits.
Postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection indicate that offspring with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to a greater proportion of these individuals in subsequent generations.
Natural selection operates on the principle that individuals with advantageous traits have a higher likelihood of surviving to adulthood and producing more offspring, which further spreads these beneficial traits throughout the population.
For example, if a population of beetles has variations in color, and the darker beetles are less visible to predators, these beetles will survive longer and have more progeny. Over time, the population will have more dark-colored beetles as this trait offers a survival advantage.
True or False? An animal capable of transmitting the rabies virus in its saliva will already have brain involvement, exhibit symptoms, and be dead within a few days.
Answers
Answer: True
Explanation:
The rabies is an acute viral infection that causes inflammation of the spinal cord and the brain. Rabies virus is found in the saliva of the infected animals.
The people usually get rabies by the bite of the animals like rat, dog and rabid animals. The scratch of such animals can also cause rabies.
Before the appearance of symptoms in the person medication and injection can cure this disease.