What is the energy change when the temperature of 15.0 grams of solid silver is decreased from 37.3 °C to 20.5 °C ?

To determine the minimum cross-sectional area of the steel cables, calculate the allowable stress and use it along with the provided load. The result is a minimum area of 50 mm² for each cable.

The question involves calculating the minimum cross-sectional area of each steel cable designed to support a load with a safety factor, given the yield stress of the material. First, determine the allowable stress by dividing the yield stress by the factor of safety. In this case, the allowable stress is 200 MPa (400 MPa / 2.0). To find the minimum cross-sectional area (A), use the formula A = P / σ, where P = 10 kN = 10,000 N (the load) and σ (sigma) is the allowable stress in N/m². Convert 200 MPa to N/m² to get 200,000 N/m². Therefore, the minimum cross-sectional area required for each cable is 50 mm² (10,000 N / 200,000 N/m²).

Answer:

a= - 2.6 m/s².

Explanation:

u = 32 m/s

The speed after 6 s is half of u

[tex]v= \dfrac{32}{2}=16\ m/s[/tex]

t= 6 s

The average acceleration = a

We know v = u +at

v=final velocity

u=initial velocity

Now by putting the values in the above equation

16= 32 + a x 6

[tex]a=\dfrac{16-32}{6}\ m/s^2[/tex]

[tex]a=-2.6\ m/s^2[/tex]

Therefore the acceleration will be - 2.6 m/s².

a= - 2.6 m/s².

Negative indicates that velocity and acceleration is is opposite direction.

Answer:

The answer to the question is

The heat transferred in the process is -274.645 kJ

Explanation:

To solve the question, we list out the variables thus

R-134a = Tetrafluoroethane

Intitial Temperaturte t₁ = 100 °C

Initial pressure = 3.5 bar = 350 kPa

For closed system we have m₁ = m₂ = m

ΔU = m×(u₂ - u₁) = ₁Q₂ -₁W₂

For constant pressure process we have

Work done = W = [tex]\int\limits^a_b P \, dV[/tex]  = P×ΔV = P × (V₂ - V₁) = P×m×(v₂ - v₁)

From the tables we have

State 1 we have h₁ = (490.48 +489.52)/2 = 490 kJ/kg

State 2 gives h₂ = 206.75 + 0.75 × 194.57= 352.6775 kJ/kg

Therefore Q₁₂ = m×(u₂ - u₁) + W₁₂ = m × (u₂ - u₁) + P×m×(v₂ - v₁)

= m×(h₂ - h₁) = 2.0 kg × (352.6775 kJ/kg - 490 kJ/kg) =-274.645 kJ

Answer:

The question continues ; Determine the expressions for the velocity and acceleration of a point P as a function of time t, and determine the maximum velocity of point P during one cycle. Use the values r = 75mm and w = pie-rads/s

Explanation:

The diagram and the detailed step by step explanation is as shown in the attachment

In the Scotch-yoke mechanism, if the displacement is given by x = r sin(t), the velocity v = r cos(t) and acceleration a = -r sin(t). The negative sign in acceleration indicates that it is in the opposite direction to displacement.

The Scotch-yoke mechanism which converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion can be analyzed using principles of kinematics. If we have the displacement given by x = r sin(t), the velocity and acceleration can be derived from this displacement equation.

The velocity (v) is the time derivative of the displacement function, i.e., v = dx/dt = r cos(t).

The acceleration (a) is the time derivative of the velocity function, so a = dv/dt = -r sin(t).

The negative sign signifies that acceleration is in the opposite direction to displacement.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Code used will be like

using System;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Linq;

using System.Text;

using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace PaintingWall

{

class Room

{

public int length, width, height,Area,Gallons;

public Room(int l,int w,int h)

{

length = l;

width = w;

height = h;  

}

private int getLength()

{

return length;

}

private int getWidth()

{

return width;

}

private int getHeight()

{

return height;

}

public void WallAreaAndNumberGallons()

{

Area = getLength() * getHeight() * getWidth();

if (Area < 350)

{

Gallons = 1;

}

else if (Area > 350)

{

Gallons = 2;

}    

Console.WriteLine ("The area of the Room is " + Area);

Console.WriteLine("The number of gallons paint needed to paint the Room is " + Gallons);

}

}

class PaintingDemo

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

int l, w, h;

Room[] r = new Room[8];

for (int i = 0; i <= 7; i++)

{

Console.WriteLine("Room "+(i+1));

Console.Write("Enter Length : ");

l = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine() );

Console.Write("Enter Width : ");

w = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

Console.Write("Enter Height : ");

h= Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

r[i] = new Room(l,w,h);

Console.WriteLine();

}

for (int i = 0; i <= 7; i++)

{

Console.WriteLine("Room " + (i + 1));

r[i].WallAreaAndNumberGallons();

}

Console.ReadKey();  

}

}

}

Answer:

Your stratified squamous epithelium is difficult to penetrate!

Explanation:

The epithelium is the tissue formed by one or several layers of cells attached to each other that cover all the free surfaces of the organism, and constitute the internal lining of the cavities, organs, hollows, ducts of the body and skin and also form the Mucous and glands. The epithelia also forms the parenchyma of many organs, such as the liver.

Flat or squamous epithelia: Formed by flat cells, with much less height than width and a flattened nucleus. It is one of the most external being part of the epidermis and generating some inconveniences when penetrating with needles to perform blood extractions when you have certain characteristics of hardness.

The question is incomplete! Complete question along with answers and explanation is provided below.

Question:

A 15 Watt desk-type fluorescent lamp has an effective resistance of 200 ohms when operating (note: the 15 Watts is only associated with the lamp). It is in series with a ballast that has a resistance of 80 ohms and an inductance of .9H. The lamp and ballast are operated at 120V, 60Hz.

a) Draw the circuit

b) Calculate the power drawn by the lamp

c) Calculate the apparent power

d) Calculate the power factor

e) Calculate the reactive power

f) Calculate the size of the capacitor necessary to provide unity power factor correction

Explanation:

a) draw the circuit

Refer to the attached image.

As you can see in the attached drawing, it is a series circuit containing  two resistors and one inductor.

In a series circuit, current remains same throughout the circuit

The circuit is powered by an AC voltage source having voltage of 120 V and frequency 60 Hz.

The current flowing in the circuit can be found by ohm's law

 I = V/Z

where V is the voltage and Z is the total impedance of the circuit

 Z = R + XL

where  XL is the inductive reactance

XL = j2 π f L

XL = j2*π*60*0.9

XL = j339.29Ω

Total resistance is

R =200 + 80 = 280 Ω

Total impedance is

Z = 280 + j339.29 Ω

b) Calculate the power drawn by the lamp

First calculate the current

I = V/Z

I = 120/(280 + j339.29)

I = 0.272<-50.46° A  (complex notation)

P = I²R

P = (0.272)²200

P ≈ 15 W

Power drawn by the circuit

P=V*I*cos(50.46°)

P=20.77 W

c) Calculate the apparent power

A = VI*

A = 120*0.272<50.46°

A = 32.64<50.46° VA

d) Calculate the power factor

PF = cos(50.46)

PF = 0.63

e) Calculate the reactive power

Q = VIsin(50.46)

Q = 120*0.272<-50.46*sin(50.46)

Q = 25.13<-50.46  VAR

f) Calculate the size of the capacitor necessary to provide unity power factor correction

The required reactive compensation power is

Qc = P (tan(old) - tan(new))

Qc = 20.77 (tan(50.46) - tan(0))

Qc = 25.16 VAR

C = Qc/2πfV²

C = 25.16/2*π*60*120²

C = 4.63 uF

Hence adding a capacitor of 4.63 uF parallel to the load will improve the PF from 0.63 to 1.

Answer:

P= 541.5 kW.

Explanation:

Given that

velocity of water after leaving the nozzle ,v= 95 m/s

The mass flow rate of the water , m= 120 kg/s

The power generated P is given as

[tex]P=\dfrac{1}{2}mv^2[/tex]

Now by putting the values in the above equation we get

[tex]P=\dfrac{1}{2}\times 120\times 95^2\ W[/tex]

P=541500  W

The  power in kW will be 541.5 kW.

Therefore the answer will be 541.5 kW

P= 541.5 kW.

The power generation potential of the water jet is 542.25 kW.

To determine the power generation potential of the water jet, we need to calculate the kinetic energy of the water jet and then convert it to power. The kinetic energy of the water jet can be calculated using the formula KE = 0.5 * m * v^2, where m is the mass flow rate of the water and v is the velocity of the water jet. Given that the flow rate is 120 kg/s and the velocity is 95 m/s, we can calculate the kinetic energy to be KE = 0.5 * 120 * 95^2 = 0.5 * 120 * 9025 = 542,250 J/s.

To convert the kinetic energy to power, we divide by the time taken to deliver the energy. Since the flow rate is given in kg/s, we can assume the time taken is 1 second. Therefore, the power generation potential of the water jet is 542,250 J/s, or 542.25 kW.

Answer:

As a heating engineer and considering a house as a dynamic system , and that without a heater, the average temperature in the house would vary over a 24-h period.

What might you consider for inputs, outputs, and state variables for a simple dynamic model?

State variables: according to the weather conditions of the area where the house was built:

State variable # 1: minimum temperture during a day in an specific season (*4);

State variable # 2: maximum temperature during the day, in an specific season (*4) as well;

State variable # 3: average temperature during the day in an specific season (*4).

That makes 16 state variables all of them in Centigrade degrees.

Input variables:

# 1: one degree over each of the state variables given.

# 2: one degree below each of the state variables, all of them in Centigrade           degrees.

Output variables:

# 1 are the temperatures reached after adding one degree to each of the input variables.

# 2 are the temperatures reached after decreasing one degree, all of them in Centigrade degrees.

How would you expand your model so that it would predict temperatures in several rooms of the house?

I would add output variables in a "Y" system to predict temperatures in several rooms of the house.

How does the installation of a thermostatically controlled heater change your model?

It would change on the "Y" variables as they will get a control system  designed for sensors to produce from some input variables to make the system respond.

Explanation:

State-determined system models using well defined physical systems is of highly interest to engineers.

Answer:True

Explanation:

Answer:

True

Explanation:

Input bias current:

It is a small current that flows in parallel with the input terminals of op-amp to bias the input transistors. This current gets converted into voltage and amplified which results in incorrect output results. This bias current Ib+ and Ib- flows in the positive and negative input terminals of the op-amp.  

Ib+ and Ib- create errors of opposite polarity. Therefore, bias current can be minimized by carefully adding a resistor in the positive input terminal.

Input offset current:

Unfortunately, a small error still remains due to the mismatch between input currents Ib+ and Ib-.

This input offset current error can be adjusted by adding a potentiometer and resistor in the negative input terminal.

Answer:

1) Glass

2) Rock sheet

3) Lexan

4) Masonite

b) k = 8.75 W/m.K

Explanation:

Given:

The thermal conductivity of certain materials as follows:

-Sheet Rock: k = 0.43 W/(m*K)

-Masonite: k = 0.047 W/(m*K)

-Glass: k = 0.72 W/(m*K)

-Lexan: k = 0.19 W/(m*K)

Data Given:

- Q = 100 W

- A = 8 m^2

- dT = 10 C

- L = 7 m

Find:

a) list the materials in order from most conductive to least conductive

b) calculate the thermal conductivity using Fourier's Equation

Solution:

- We know from Fourier's Law the relation between Heat transfer and thermal conductivity as follows:

                                   Q = k*A*dT / L

- From the relation above we can see that rate of heat transfer is directly proportional to thermal conductivity k.

- Hence, the list in order of decreasing conductivity is as follows:

- The list of materials in the decreasing order of thermal conductivity k is:

           1) Glass                 k = 0.72 W/m.K        

           2) Rock sheet      k = 0.43 W/m.K

           3) Lexan               k = 0.19 W/m.K

           4) Masonite          k = 0.047 W/m.K

- Use the relation given above we can compute the thermal conductivity k with the given data:

                                 k = Q*L / (A*dT)

                                 k = (100 W * 7 m) / (8 m^2*10 C)

                                 k = 8.75 W/m.K

Answer:

The fluid level difference in the manometer arm = 22.56 ft.

Explanation:

Assumption: The fluid in the manometer is incompressible, that is, its density is constant.

The fluid level difference between the two arms of the manometer gives the gage pressure of the air in the tank.

And P(gage) = ρgh

ρ = density of the manometer fluid = 60 lbm/ft³

g = acceleration due to gravity = 32.2 ft/s²

ρg = 60 × 32.2 = 1932 lbm/ft²s²

ρg = 1932 lbm/ft²s² × 1lbf.s²/32.2lbm.ft = 60 lbf/ft³

h = fluid level difference between the two arms of the manometer = ?

P(gage) = 9.4 psig = 9.4 × 144 = 1353.6 lbf/ft²

1353.6 = ρg × h = 60 lbf/ft³ × h

h = 1353.6/60 = 22.56 ft

A diagrammatic representation of this setup is presented in the attached image.

Hope this helps!

Answer:

Given

Decimal variable: currentSales

Decimal test value: 1000

Boolean variable: newCustomer

Boolean default value: true

The following code segment is written in Java

if(currentSales == 1000 || newCustomer)

{

//Some statements

}

The Program above tests two conditions using one of statement

The first condition is to check if currentSales is 1000

== Sign is s a relational operator used for comparison (it's different from=)

|| represents OR

The second condition is newCustomer, which is a Boolean variable

If one or both of the conditions is true, the statements within the {} will be executed

Meaning that, both conditions doesn't have to be true;

At least 1 condition must be true for the statement within the curly braces to be executed

Answer:Name resolution traffic goes to the single zone

Administrative burden

Submit

Centralized Management

Explanation:DNS(Domain name system) is a term used in the internet which Describes the conversion of alphabetical names into Numerical representations,he a large Organisation as stated which spans through different Geographical areas continue with a single Domain name system it will lead to the following.

Name resolution traffic will increase which might delay the execution of tasks

Administrative burden will be Increased as it is carrying out a wide range of activities.

Centralized management which may affect the flow of work.

Answer:

59.9%

Explanation:

R^2 =(-0.774)^2  = 0.599

59.9% of fuel is accounted for

Answer:

Yes and no

Explanation:

The thermodynamic equation for the heat transfer in a constant volume process is the following:

[tex]Q=\Delta U=mC_V\Delta T[/tex]

where Q is the required heat, U is the internal energy, m the mass of the gas, C_V the heat capacity assuming consant volume and [tex]\Delta T[/tex] is the change in temperature.

If you assume the heat capacity doesn't change with temperature at which the gas is currently at then the heat transfer depends solely on the change in temperature. With this assumption the transfered heat would be the same in both cases.

In reality the heat capacity does change with respect to temperature. Depending on the type of gas. In reality there would be difference in heat transfered between 295/205 K and 245/255 . Only then you wouldn't use the [tex]\Delta T[/tex] expression since the integral would be different depending on the heat capacity in relation to temperature.

Answer: Check the attached

Explanation:

Answer:

a) Power = Av⁴

b) Energy = Av⁴/2 or (A²v⁶)/2m

Explanation:

Given Y = Av³

A = a constant, v = Velocity, Y = system variable.

a) If Y = Force, F, Find Power in the element.

Power is the dot product of Force and velocity and it's a scalar quantity.

i.e. P = F.v = F.v (cos θ) where θ is the angle between the force and velocity vector.

But in this case, average power is simply given by Fv.

P(avg) = Fv = Yv = (Av³) × v = Av⁴

b) If Y = linear momentum, p, Find the energy stored in the element.

Energy is related to linear momentum by the relationship between kinetic energy and linear momentum.

p = mv and E = mv²/2 = (mv)(v)/2, so,

E = pv/2

For this question, p = Y = Av³

E = Yv/2 = (Av³)v/2 = Av⁴/2

Kinetic energy is often related to momentum through this expression too,

p = mv; p² = m²v²

E = mv²/2; E = (mv²/2) × (m/m) = m²v²/2m = p²/2m

Therefore, E = Y²/2m = (Av³)²/2m = (A²v⁶)/2m

Hope this helps!

Answer:

The PFR is more efficient in the removal of the reactive compound as it has the higher conversion ratio.

Xₚբᵣ = 0.632

X꜀ₘբᵣ = 0.5

Xₚբᵣ > X꜀ₘբᵣ

Explanation:

From the reaction rate coefficient, it is evident the reaction is a first order reaction

Performance equation for a CMFR for a first order reaction is

kτ = (X)/(1 - X)

k = reaction rate constant = 0.05 /day

τ = Time constant or holding time = V/F₀

V = volume of reactor = 280 m³

F₀ = Flowrate into the reactor = 14 m³/day

X = conversion

k(V/F₀) = (X)/(1 - X)

0.05 × (280/14) = X/(1 - X)

1 = X/(1 - X)

X = 1 - X

2X = 1

X = 1/2 = 0.5

For the PFR

Performance equation for a first order reaction is given by

kτ = In [1/(1 - X)]

The parameters are the same as above,

0.05 × (280/14) = In (1/(1-X)

1 = In (1/(1-X))

e = 1/(1 - X)

2.718 = 1/(1 - X)

1 - X = 1/2.718

1 - X = 0.3679

X = 1 - 0.3679

X = 0.632

The PFR is evidently more efficient in the removal of the reactive compound as it has the higher conversion ratio.

To determine whether a CMFR or a PFR is more efficient in removing a reactive compound from the waste stream, we compare their volumes and flow rates. For a first-order reaction, the reaction rate is given by the equation r = kC. In a CMFR, the volume is constant, while in a PFR, the volume varies. Therefore, a PFR may be more efficient depending on the reactor design.

To determine whether a CMFR (Continuous Mixed Flow Reactor) or a PFR (Plug Flow Reactor) is more efficient in removing a reactive compound from the waste stream, we need to compare their volumes and flow rates. For a first-order reaction, the reaction rate is given by the equation: r = kC, where r is the reaction rate, k is the reaction rate coefficient, and C is the concentration of the reactive compound.

In a CMFR, the volume is constant, so the reactor volume (280 m3) is equal to the product of the flow rate (14 m3·day−1) and the residence time (t), which is the time it takes for the fluid to pass through the reactor. Therefore, t = V/Q = 280/14 = 20 days.

In a PFR, the volume varies along the length of the reactor, and the residence time is defined as the integral of the volume divided by the flow rate. Using the equation t = ∫V/Q, we can calculate the residence time for a PFR.

Since the residence time for a CMFR is fixed at 20 days, and the residence time for a PFR can be longer or shorter depending on the reactor design, a PFR may be more efficient in removing the reactive compound from the waste stream under steady-state conditions with a first-order reaction.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Given

Take off speed [tex]v=162\ mph\approx 237.6\ ft/s[/tex]

distance traveled in runway [tex]d=5000 ft[/tex]

using motion of equation

[tex]v^2-u^2=2as[/tex]

where v=final velocity

u=initial velocity

a=acceleration

s=displacement

[tex](237.6)^2=2\times a\times 5000[/tex]

[tex]a=5.64\ ft/s^2[/tex]

Acceleration after take off [tex]a_2=3\ ft/s^2[/tex]

time taken to reach [tex]237.6 ft/s[/tex]

[tex]v=u+at[/tex]

[tex]237.6=0+5.64\times t[/tex]

[tex]t=42.127\ s [/tex]

after take off it take [tex]t_2[/tex] time to reach [tex]220 mph\approx 322.67[/tex]

[tex]322.67=237.6+3\times t_2[/tex]

[tex]t_2=28.35\ s[/tex]

total time taken [tex]t_0=t+t_1[/tex]

[tex]t_0=70.48\ s[/tex]

Answer:

(A) architectural sheet metal roofing

Explanation:

 By the name itself we can judge that the 'Architectural sheet metal roofing' is a kind of metal roofing.

And these type of metal roofing is primarily used for small and big houses, small buildings and as well as in a building that is for commercial use they can be totally flat as well as little bit sloped.  

And the words similarly like batten and standing seam, and flat seam all tells us that these are the types of architectural sheet metal roofing.

The work done by the gas is -940 kJ

Explanation:

In this process, we are told that the product of pressure and volume remains constant:

[tex]pV=const.[/tex]

so we can write

[tex]p_1 V_1 = p_2 V_2[/tex]

where

[tex]p_1 = 1.4 bar[/tex] is the initial pressure

[tex]p_2 = 6.8 bar[/tex] is the final pressure

[tex]V_1=4.25 m^2[/tex] is the initial volume

Solving for [tex]V_2[/tex], we find the final volume:

[tex]V_2=\frac{p_1V_1}{p_2}=\frac{(1.4)(4.25)}{6.8}=0.875 m^3[/tex]

Now by looking at the equation of state of an ideal gas:

[tex]pV=nRT[/tex] (1)

we notice that since [tex]pV=const.[/tex], this means that also the absolute temperature of the gas T remains constant (because the number of moles n does not change). Therefore this is an isothermal process: the work done in an isothermal process is given by

[tex]W=nRTln(\frac{V_2}{V_1})[/tex]

And by looking again at (1), we  can substitute (nRT) with (pV), so we get

[tex]W=p_1 V_1 ln (\frac{V_2}{V_1})[/tex]

Converting the pressure into SI units,

[tex]p_1 = 1.4 bar = 1.4\cdot 10^5 Pa[/tex]

So the work done is

[tex]W=(1.4\cdot 10^5)(4.25)ln(\frac{0.875}{4.25})=-9.4\cdot 10^5 J[/tex]

Which means -940 kJ. This value is negative since the work is done by the surroundings on the gas (because the gas is compressed).

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Answer:

[tex]F=6200\ \text{N}\\[/tex]

Explanation:

In this problem you need to define the force that acts upon a beam in a 3 point bending problem. I put a picture of the problem taken from Wikipedia:

In this problem the flexural strength is defined with the following formula:

[tex]\sigma=\cfrac{3FL}{2bd^2}[/tex]

where F is the force applied, L the length between the two rods, b the width of the ceramic block and d it's height.

The force is then defined as:

[tex]F=\cfrac{2\sigma bd^2}{3L}=6200\ \text{N}[/tex]

Answer:

the time, in hours = 4.07hrs

Explanation:

The detailed step by step derivation and appropriate integration is as shown in the attached files.

Answer:

6.30 miles/hour

Explanation:

Newton's second law applies here. In simple terms:

[tex]F = ma[/tex]

where F = Force (Thrust) in N

           a = acceleration (m/s²)

The acceleration can be given by rearranging the  formula to give:

[tex]a = \frac{F}{N}[/tex]

  = [tex]\frac{(686.68*10^{6} )}{24811505120150.2656} \\= 0.0000277 m/s\\= 6.03 miles/hr[/tex]

Answer:

a. Calories required = 622710 calories

b. Energy = 1000 times much energy

Calories = 622710000 calories

Explanation:

Given:

h = Depth of pot = 20cm = 0.2m

Diameter of pot = 20cm = 0.2m

r = ½ *diameter = ½ * 0.2

r = 0.1m

Density = 1000kg/m³

Water temperature = 1°C

a.

First, we calculate the volume of the water(pot)

V = Volume = πr²h

V = 22/7 * 0.1² * 0.2

V = 0.044/7

V = 0.00629m³

M = Mass of water = Volume * Density

M = 0.00629m³ * 1000kg/m³

M = 6.29kg

M = 6.29 * 1000 grams

M = 6290g

The water is at 1°C, so it needs to gain 99°C to reach boiling point

So, Calories = 99 * 6290

Calories required = 622710 calories

b.

If we consider that D for the pot is 20 cm, approximately how much more energy is needed to heat a hot tub with D = 2 m? How many calories is that?

Depth of pot = 20cm

Depth of pot = 0.2m

Depth of hot tube = 2m

Energy is directly proportional to D³

Since the depth of hot the is 10 times greater than that of the pot

It'll require 10³ much more energy

Energy = 10³

Energy = 1000 times much energy

Calories required = 622710 * 1000

Calories = 622710000 calories

Answer:

(a) 1.125 ft, Section factor = 22.78

(b) 42.75 ft

Explanation:

Hydraulic radius is given by [tex]R_{H} = \frac{A}{P}[/tex] Where

A = Cross sectional area of flow and

P = Perimeter  h

Since the cross section is a circle  then at depth 4 of 4.5 the perimeter

[tex]=2 \pi r-\frac{\theta }{360} *2 \pi r[/tex]  where r = 2.25 and θ = 102.1 °

perimeter = 10.1 ft and the  area = [tex]=\pi r^2-\frac{\theta }{360} * \pi r^2[/tex] =  11.39 ft²

Therefore [tex]R_{H} = \frac{11.39}{10.1} = 1.125 ft[/tex]

Section factor is given by for critical flow = Z = A×√D

= 11.39 ft² × √(4 ft) = 22.78

for normal flow Z =[tex]Z_{} ^{2} = \frac{A^{3}}{T}[/tex] = 22.78

(b) The alternate depth of flow is given by

for a given flow rate, we have from chart for flow in circular pipes

Alternative depth = 0.9×45 = 42.75 ft

Answer:

attached below

Explanation:

Answer:

The pipe is open ended and the length of pipe is 3.4 m.

Explanation:

For identification of the type of pipe checking the successive frequencies in both the open pipe and closed pipe as below

Equation for nth frequency for open end pipe is given as

[tex]f_n=\frac{nv}{2L}[/tex]

For (n+1)th value the frequency is

[tex]f_{n+1}=\frac{(n+1)v}{2L}[/tex]

Taking a ratio of both equation and solving for n such that the value of n is a whole number

[tex]\frac{f_{n+1}}{f_n}=\frac{\frac{(n+1)v}{2L}}{\frac{nv}{2L}}\\\frac{350}{300}=\frac{(n+1)}{n}\\350n =300n+300\\50n =300\\n =6\\[/tex]

So n is a whole number this means that the pipe is open ended.

For confirmation the  nth frequency for a closed ended pipe is given as

[tex]f_n=\frac{(2n+1)v}{4L}[/tex]

For (n+1)th value the frequency is

[tex]f_{n+1}=\frac{(2n+3)v}{4L}[/tex]

Taking a ratio of both equation and solving for n such that the value of n is a whole number

[tex]\frac{f_{n+1}}{f_n}=\frac{\frac{(2n+3)v}{2L}}{\frac{(2n+1)v}{2L}}\\\frac{350}{300}=\frac{(2n+3)}{(2n+1)}\\700n+350 =600n+900\\100n =550\\n =5.5\\[/tex]

As n is not a whole number so this is further confirmed that the pipe is open ended.

Now from the equation of, with n=6, v=340 m/s and f=300 Hz

[tex]f_n=\frac{nv}{2L}\\300=\frac{6 \times 340}{2L}\\L=\frac{2040}{600}\\L=3.4 m[/tex]

The value of length is 3.4m.

Answer:

Negotiated speed should be lower. Perception/reaction time is too less than design values.

Explanation:

Given:

- The claimed safe speed V_1 = 65 mi/h

- Sight distance D = 510 ft

- The practical deceleration a = 11.2 ft/s   ... according to standards

Find:

Assuming practical stopping distance, comment on the student whether the claim is correct or not

Solution:

- Calculate the practical stopping distance:

                      d = V_1^2 / 2*a

                      d = ( 65 * 1.46 )^2 / 2*11.2 = 402.054 ft

- Solve for reaction distance d_r is as follows:

                     d_r = D - d = 510 - 402.054 = 107.945 ft

- The perception/time reaction is:

                   t_r = d_r/V_1 = 107.945 / 94.9

                  t_r = 1.17 sec

Answer: The perception/reaction time t_r = 1.17 s is well below the t = 2.3 s.

Hence, the safe speed should be lower.