Answer: The concentration of reactant after the given time is 0.0205 M
Explanation:
Rate law expression for first order kinetics is given by the equation:
[tex]k=\frac{2.303}{t}\log\frac{[A_o]}{[A]}[/tex]
where,
k = rate constant = [tex]4.50\times 10^{-3}s^{-1}[/tex]
t = time taken for decay process = 11.0 min = 660 s (Conversion factor: 1 min = 60 s)
[tex][A_o][/tex] = initial amount of the reactant = 0.400 M
[A] = amount left after decay process = ?
Putting values in above equation, we get:
[tex]4.50\times 10^{-3}s^{-1}=\frac{2.303}{660s}\log\frac{0.400}{[A]}[/tex]
[tex][A]=0.0205M[/tex]
Hence, the concentration of reactant after the given time is 0.0205 M
You have a freshly prepared 1 M (molar) solution of glucose in water. You carefully pour out a 100 mL sample of that solution. How many glucose molecules are included in that 100 mL sample?
Answer:
[tex]6.022\times 10^{22} [/tex]glucose molecules are included in that 100 mL sample.
Explanation:
Concentration of freshly prepared glucose solution = 1 M = 1 mol/L
1 L = 1000 ml
This means that 1 mole of glucose is present in 1000 mL of water.
If we have 100 mL of solution. then number of moles of glucose will be L;
[tex]\frac{1}{1000}\times 100 mL=0.1 mole[/tex]
1 mole = [tex]N_A=6.022\times 10^{23} [/tex] molecules/atoms
Number of molecules of glucose in 0.1 mole :
= [tex]0.1 mol\times 6.022\times 10^{23} molecules=6.022\times 10^{22} moleules[/tex]
Which element in each of the following sets would you expect to have the highest IE₂?
(a) Na, Mg, Al (b) Na, K, Fe (c) Sc, Be, Mg
Explanation:
Ionization energy is defined as the energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a neutral gaseous atom.
With increase in atomic size of the atom, there will be less force of attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons of the atom. Hence, with lesser amount of energy the valence electrons can be removed easily.
Since, Na, Mg and Al are all period 3 elements. And, when we move across a period from left to right then there occurs a decrease in atomic size of the atoms. Hence, smaller is the size of an atom more energy is required to remove an electron.
Therefore, out of Na, Mg, the highest [tex]IE_{2}[/tex] will be that of Na. This is because when sodium will lose one electron then it forms [tex]Na^{+}[/tex] ion which is stable in nature.
Hence, in order to remove another electron from [tex]Na^{+}[/tex] will be difficult. Therefore, it will have high [tex]IE_{2}[/tex].
Similarly, Na will have highest [tex]IE_{2}[/tex] as compared to K and Fe. Also because sodium is smaller in size than K.
Since, beryllium is smallest in size as compared to Mg and Sc. Hence, Be will have the highest [tex]IE_{2}[/tex].
Final answer:
The elements expected to have the highest second ionization energy (IE₂) from the given sets are Mg for set (a), Fe for set (b), and Be for set (c), based on their electronic configurations and positions on the periodic table.
Explanation:
The student is asking about the second ionization energy (IE₂) for various sets of elements. Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion. The second ionization energy specifically refers to the energy required to remove a second electron after one has already been removed. Generally, this energy is greater than the first ionization energy because the remaining electrons feel a greater effective nuclear charge.
For the sets given:
(a) Na, Mg, Al: Mg (Magnesium) expected to have the highest IE₂ because it will be removing an electron from a full s-orbital, which requires more energy.
(b) Na, K, Fe: Fe (Iron) is likely to have the highest IE₂ as it is a transition metal with more protons in the nucleus, resulting in a stronger attraction to the remaining electrons.
(c) Sc, Be, Mg: Be (Beryllium) should have the highest IE₂ because removing the second electron will remove a completely filled s-orbital, which is a stable configuration requiring more energy to disrupt.
How is the molar heat of sublimation related to the molar heats of vaporization and fusion? On what law are these relationships based?
Answer: Hsub=Hfus+Hvap
Explanation:
The molar heat of vaporization measured in kilojoules per mole, or kJ/mol is the energy needed to make vapor one mole of a liquid. .
The molar heat of sublimation measured in kilojoules per mole, or kJ/mol is the energy needed to sublime one mole of a solid,
the molar heat of fusion measured in kilojoules per mole, or kJ/mol is the energy needed to melt one mole of a solid.
Hess law helps to explain the relationship in physical chemistry stating that the total enthalpy change during the complete course of a reaction is the same whether the reaction is made in one step or in several steps.
In this context Hess’s law helps to see the several steps involved as the heat of sublimation energy is equal to the sum of vaporization energy and fusion energy.
The molar heat of sublimation is the sum of the molar heats of vaporization and fusion, based on Hess's Law. This law enables understanding that sublimation is similar to a sequential process of melting followed by vaporization, reflecting the energy required to overcome intermolecular forces.
The molar heat of sublimation is directly related to the molar heats of vaporization and fusion. The relationship between these heats is guided by the Hess's Law, which asserts that the total enthalpy change during a chemical reaction is the same no matter how many steps the reaction is carried out in.
Thus, for a given substance, the molar heat of sublimation can be approximated by the sum of its molar heat of fusion (solid to liquid transition) and molar heat of vaporization (liquid to gas transition). This is because when fusion is followed by vaporization at the temperature and pressure of the triple point, the net change corresponds to sublimation.
The molar enthalpies related to phase changes are all positive for endothermic processes (where heat is absorbed). Conversely, negative enthalpy changes are associated with the reverse, exothermic processes. The differences in these heats reflect the extent to which intermolecular forces must be overcome going from one phase to another.
Indicate whether the substance exists in aqueous solution (a) entirely in molecular form, (b) entirely as ions, (c) or as a mixture of molecules and ions. HF, CH3CN, NaClO4, Ba(OH)2
Answer:
In aqueous solution, HF is an acid, exist as a mixture of molecules and ions
CH3CN is none of the above, entirely in molecular form
NaCIO4 is a salt, entirely as ions
Ba(OH)2 is a base, entirely as ions
The substance exists in aqueous solution entirely in molecular form is Methyl cyanide, entirely as ions is NaClO₄ & Ba(OH)₂ and HF as a mixture of molecules and ions.
What is aqueous solution?Aqueous solutions are those solution in which water is present as a solvent and we know that nature of water is polar in water means it consist positive or negative charges.
HF is a weak acid and it shows partial dissociation only, so it is present in the mixture form of molecules and ions.Methyl cyanide is a covalent molecule not dissolve in aqueous solution and present in the molecular form.NaClO₄ is a salt and it is completely dissolve in aqueous solution and present in the ions form.Ba(OH)₂ is a strong base and it is also completely dissociates into their ions.Hence NaClO₄ & Ba(OH)₂ is completely dissociates into ions.
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What does ""electron density in a particular tiny volume of space"" mean?
Explanation:
Electron Density is nothing but finding of some electron in a tiny space of per unit volume. It is rather a probability of finding electron in per unit volume, it should be called electron probability density. And there is function Ψ^2 that represent probability of finding electron in some tiny volume of of the atom.
Plasmid DNA and a gene of interest are cut with the enzyme PpuMI. Write a possible sequence of bases for the sticky end of the gene in the 5' to 3' direction.
The possible 5' to 3' sequence of bases for the sticky end of the gene cut by PpuMI is: 5'-ACGGA-3'.
The enzyme PpuMI cuts DNA at recognition sequences. In the 5' to 3' direction, "ACGGA." might be the sticky end of the gene snipped by PpuMI. This indicates that one DNA strand reads 5'-ACGGA-3' and the other 3'-TGCCT-5'.
These overhanging single-stranded ends are called "sticky ends" because they can base-pair with complementary sequences in another DNA fragment cut with the same enzyme. In genetic engineering, like cloning, DNA fragments with matching sticky ends can be joined to form recombinant DNA. PpuMI-generated sticky ends with the sequence "ACGGA" allow scientists to insert genes of interest into plasmids or other DNA molecules for study and practical applications.
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The possible sequence of bases for the sticky end of the gene in the 5' to 3' direction after being cut with PpuMI is 5'-GAAC (gene) TTGC-3'.
Explanation:The sequence of bases for the sticky end of the gene in the 5' to 3' direction after being cut with the enzyme PpuMI can be determined from the given information. The restriction enzyme PpuMI leaves a 2- to 4-nucleotide single-stranded overhang on each strand of the DNA after cutting. The sequence that is recognized by PpuMI is a palindrome, meaning it reads the same forward and backward. Therefore, the possible sequence of bases for the sticky end of the gene in the 5' to 3' direction is: 5'-GAAC (gene) TTGC-3'
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PJ’s unknown solid 1) dissolves in hot ethanol, 2) is essentially insoluble in hexane, and 3) is insoluble in cold water, but sparingly soluble in warm water. Outline the recrystallization procedure you would suggest she use here.
Answer:
1. The solid is dissolved in the hot solvent (ethanol or water);
2. If the impurities are not dissolved, they are separated by filtration;
3. The solution is then cold, and the crystals of the solid are formed;
4. The solution is filtrated and the pure solid is obtained.
Explanation:
The recrystallization is a process to separate impurities from a solid. The solid with the impurities is dissolved in a hot solvent, and, is insoluble in the cold one. But the impurities must be soluble in the cold solvent, or insoluble in the hot one.
If the impurities are soluble in the cold solvent, then, the crystals of the analyte will be removed, and if they are insoluble in the hot solvent, then its crystal is removed first.
So let's assume that the solid is insoluble in hot ethanol, and soluble in hot water. Because its insoluble in hexane, the recrystallization is not possible with it. So the procedure would be:
1. The solid is dissolved in the hot solvent (ethanol or water);
2. If the impurities are not dissolved, they are separated by filtration;
3. The solution is then cold, and the crystals of the solid are formed;
4. The solution is filtrated and the pure solid is obtained.
Calculate the concentration of hydronium in a solution that contains 5.5x10-5 M OH- at 25C. Indentify the solution as acidic, basic, or neutral.
Answer:
pH = 9.74
The solution is basic
Explanation:
To find the pH of the solution, we need to find the pOH of the solution.
From the question, the concentration of OH^- = 5.5x10^-5 M
pOH = - Log[OH^-]
pOH = - Log 5.5x10^-5
pOH = 4.26
Recall,
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 — pOH
pH = 14 — 4.26
pH = 9.74
Since the pH is above 7, the solution is alkaline ie basic
(a) Write the rate law for the reaction 2A + B → C if the reaction (1) is second order in B and overall third order, –rA = ______ (2) is zero order in A and first order in B, –rA = ______ (3) is zero order in both A and B, –rA = ______ (4) is first order in A and overall zero order. –rA = ______ (b) Find and write the rate laws for the following reactions (1) H2 + Br2 → 2HBr (2) H2 + I2 → 2HI
Answer:
A. Write the rate law for this reaction
2A + B -----> C
Rate law is expressed as
-rA = kaCa^αCb^β
n = α + β
Where, ka is the rate constant;
Ca is the concentration of reactant A, Cb is the conversation of reactant B, α is the rate order for reactant A, β is the rate order for reactant B, n is the overall order.
1. β = 2, n = 3; α = 3-2 = 1
Rate law is;
-rA = ka[A][B]^2
2. α = 0, β = 1
-rA = ka[A]^0[B]
-rA = ka[B]
3. α=β=0
-rA = ka[A]^0[B]^0
-rA = ka
4. α=1, n = 0
The reaction is zero order as it is independent of the reactants.
-rA = ka
B. Rate law for the following;
a. H2+ Br2 ------>2HBr
-rA1 = ka[H2] . [Br2]
-rA2 = kb[HBr]^2
Comparing both rate, rA1= rA2
ka.[H2][Br2] = kb[HBr]^2
ka/kb = K = [HBr]^2 / [H2] [Br2]
b. H2 + I2 ------>2HI
K = [HI]^2 / [H2] [I2]
The rate laws for different reaction scenarios and specific reactions.
Explanation:(a) The rate law for the reaction 2A + B → C can be determined by examining the reaction orders for each reactant. For the given scenarios:
When the reaction is second order in B and overall third order, the rate law is -rA = k[A]2[B].When the reaction is zero order in A and first order in B, the rate law is -rA = k[B].When the reaction is zero order in both A and B, the rate law is -rA = k.When the reaction is first order in A and overall zero order, the rate law is -rA = k[A].(b) The rate laws for the given reactions are:
The rate law for the reaction H2 + Br2 → 2HBr is -rH2 = k[H2][Br2].The rate law for the reaction H2 + I2 → 2HI is -rH2 = k[H2][I2].Learn more about Rate laws here:https://brainly.com/question/35884538
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Which functional group does not contain an oxygen atom? Group of answer choices amine amide aldehyde ketone ether ester alcohol carboxylic acid
Answer: Amine does not contain an oxygen atom
Explanation:
amine is represented by -NH2
amide is represented by -CONH2
aldehyde is represented by -CHO
ketone is represented by -CO
ether is represented by -CO
ester is a represented by -COOR
alcohol is represented by -OH
carboxylic acid is represented by -COOH
You will observe that the only functional group without an oxygen atom is amine with -NH2
Amines are the functional group that does not contain an oxygen atom, distinguishing them from aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, alcohols, and amides. Option A is correct.
The functional group that does not contain an oxygen atom among the listed options is the amine group. Functional groups like aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, alcohol, and amide are characterized by the presence of oxygen in their structures.
Notably, the carbonyl group common to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters features a carbon-oxygen double bond. Amines, on the other hand, are compounds containing nitrogen atoms bonded to alkyl or aryl groups, and they do not incorporate oxygen within their functional group.
Hence, A. is the correct option.
The complete question is:
Which functional group does not contain an oxygen atom? Group of answer choices
A) amine
B) amide
C) aldehyde
D) ketone
E) ether
F) ester
G) alcohol
H) carboxylic acid
Match the following aqueous solutions with the appropriate letter from the column on the right. 1. 0.27 m NH4I A. Highest boiling point 2. 0.11 m FeCl3 B. Second highest boiling point 3. 0.16 m CaI2 C. Third highest boiling point 4. 0.50 m Sucrose(nonelectrolyte) D. Lowest boiling point Submit AnswerRetry Entire Group9 more group attempts remaining
Answer:
1. 0.27 m [tex]NH_4I[/tex] : Highest boiling point
2. 0.11 m
: Lowest boiling point
3. 0.16 m
: Third highest boiling point
4. 0.5 m sucrose : Second highest boiling point
Explanation:
[tex]\Delta T_b=i\times k_b\times m[/tex]
[tex]\Delta T_b[/tex] = elevation in boiling point
i = Van'T Hoff factor
[tex]k_b[/tex] = boiling point constant
m = molality
1. For 0.27 m [tex]NH_4I[/tex]
[tex]NH_4I\rightarrow NH_4^{+}+I^{-}[/tex]
, i= 2 as it is a electrolyte and dissociate to give 2 ions. and concentration of ions will be [tex]2\times 0.27=0.54m[/tex]
2. For 0.11 m [tex]FeCl_3[/tex]
[tex]FeCl_3\rightarrow Fe^{3+}+3Cl^{-}[/tex]
i= 4 as it is a electrolyte and dissociate to give 4 ions. and concentration of ions will be [tex]4\times 0.11=0.44m[/tex]
3. For 0.16 m [tex]CaCl_2[/tex]
[tex]CaCl_2\rightarrow Ca^{2+}+2Cl^{-}[/tex]
, i= 3 as it is a electrolyte and dissociate to give 3 ions, concentration of ions will be [tex]3\times 0.16=0.48m[/tex]
4. For 0.5 m sucrose
, i= 1 as it is a non electrolyte and does not dissociate to give ions, concentration will be 0.5 m
Thus as concentration of solute follows the order : [tex]NH_4I[/tex] > sucrose > [tex]CaCl_2[/tex] > [tex]FeCl_3[/tex], the boiling point will also follow the same order.