Levin and Simons (1998) conducted a clever study in which a researcher (questioner) asked participants for directions on a college campus. During the conversation, a door was moved between the researcher and the participants. After that, the questioner changed to a different person. These researchers were studying ___________.

Answer:

Lets discuss Pakistan. Pakistan has been ruled by one of two regime types throughout its history, military dictatorship, and civilian-military hybrid. The current regime of the country is a civilian-military hybrid regime and has been so since 2008 with three peaceful transitions of Governments through general elections..

Explanation:

The main barrier in developing their democracy is the immense influence the military enjoys in all state institutions, public sector enterprises, while also controlling large industrial corporations and real estate companies. This has been made possible by successive dictatorships where dictators had to install loyal officers on key positions within these organisations who were almost always ex military and who almost always survived the reign of the dictators.

Even though Pakistan has never experienced an uninfluenced democratically elected government. It would still serve her right. Albeit, the current political arrangement where the Prime Minister is in charge of most affairs and the fact that he is elected from the lower House of Parliament creates another problem which is the ongoing requirement of the Prime Minister to please his political allies for their support, often at the expense of public welfare.

Pakistan would be served best by democracy where the head of state is the President who also holds the decision making powers. The President would be free from the pressures of political allies as he would have the popular vote for political support and legitimacy. The issue of military influence would get resolved by a long process of strengthening state institutions while being in a civilian-military hybrid regime. Given enough time, the military will naturally lose its grip on power in state affairs and Pakistan will have a chance of being governed in a relatively functional democracy.

Answer:

Constructive Conflict and Coordination.

Explanation:

The management style that regulates nearly every employee behavior to maximize efficiency is known as scientific management or Taylorism, and also aligns with the concept of McDonaldization.

The management approach characterized by highly regulated work rules controlling nearly every aspect of employee behavior to find the most efficient way to do a job is typically associated with scientific management or Taylorism. This approach emphasizes efficiency and aims to establish the best method for performing each job, selecting the best-suited employees, and providing the training and incentives to ensure they perform their jobs the prescribed way. The concept of McDonaldization also aligns with these principles, extending to the fast-food industry and other service industries where routinized roles and tasks and a highly prescribed system discourage independent decision-making and dehumanize the workers. This management style is characterized by four main principles: efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control, as mentioned in the context of traditional restaurant chains and their operations.

Answer: d. Reliant

Explanation:Five Sources of Power

1) Referent/Attraction Power

2) Expert Power

3) Legitimate/Status Power

4) Reward Power

5) Coercive Power

Referent/Attraction Power

- Means using your charisma because people already like and respect you in order to influence them towards doing something that you need them to do.

Expert Power

- Using your expertise to influence someone to commit

Legitimate/Status Power

- This refers to using your authority to expect compliance from others

Reward Power

- Giving rewards to people as an influence to gain their compliance.

Coercive Power

- using punishment to influence people which may yield resistance

Reliant isn't any of these five.

Independent Variable

These variables influence, affect or determine other variables.

It is a determining factor, condition or cause for a given result, effect or consequence.

It is the factor manipulated by the researcher in order to determine the relationship of the factor with the observed phenomenon, to see what influence it has on a possible result.

Dependent Variable

They are values ​​(phenomena or facts) to be discovered or explained, by virtue of being influenced, determined or affected by the independent variable.

It is the factor that appears, disappears, increases or decreases as the researcher modifies the independent variable;

It is the property that or factor that is an effect, result, consequence or response to something that has been manipulated (independent variable).

Answer:

observational learning

Explanation:

Observational learning -

It is the method of learning , which is adapted in the person , by looking at the after effects of the various activity , is referred to as observational learning .

The method is very important for the development of the mind , as by looking at the activity , the mind grabs the information at the fastest pace .

Hence , from the given information of the question,

The correct answer is observational learning  .

Answer: with trust, people will be able to carry out their social responsibilities without questioning or indifference feeling.

Explanation: for a government to succeed, the trust of the people is needed, to regain this trust, government must make effort towards fulfilling all there promises, and must be able to provide for the public basic amenities.

A specialized online auction business might focus on specialized collectibles and rare items, niche real estate markets, and B2B equipment and machinery. These areas could provide unique market opportunities based on the eBay auction framework, where bidding one's true valuation is typically the best strategy unless facing the winner's curse.

If you were considering establishing a rival specialized online auction business, the top three market opportunities to pursue, based on the goods and auction community seen on eBay, might include the following areas:

Targeting auctions that deal with rare collectibles, such as vintage comics, rare coins, or limited edition items, could attract a dedicated community of collectors who are searching for specific items that are not easily found in typical retail channels.

Focusing on niche real estate markets, including tiny homes, historical properties, or unique vacation rentals, could differentiate your platform from larger, general real estate auction services.

An auction platform dedicated to businesses selling and buying used or surplus equipment, such as restaurant appliances or industrial machinery, could fill a specific need not entirely addressed by current leading auction sites.

As per eBay strategies, in auctions, it is often best to bid the true valuation of the object. However, if a winner's curse is present, bidders may want to bid less than their estimate of the object's value to avoid overpaying if they are particularly risk-averse or if they perceive an inflated value in the bidding process.

Answer:

C. More neurons to fire and to fire more often.

Explanation:

A pat on the back generally falls below the recepient pain threshold while a slap on the back is likely to the above the pain threshold hence releasing more neurons to fire.

A slap on the back is more painful than a pat because it triggers more a. intense neural impulses, due to the increased activity of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, amplified by the release of norepinephrine and adrenaline.

A slap on the back is more painful than a pat because it triggers more intense neural impulses. This can be explained with the functioning of the nervous system. When we experience something painful like a slap, it sparks stronger neural responses.

This is because during a stressful or painful occurrence, multiple preganglionic neurons can synapse on one postganglionic neuron, amplifying the effect of the original synapse. Additionally, the nervous system releases norepinephrine onto the target organs, increasing the sensation of pain.

This effect is intensified by the release of additional norepinephrine and adrenaline by the adrenal gland into the bloodstream, increasing the physiological response and memory of the stinging slap. So, in essence, a slap triggers stronger and more frequent neural firing, making it more painful than a pat.

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Answer:  a) Misdirected love

Explanation:

According to the concept of St. Augustine, moral evil is interpreted to form from the love that is misdirected .Incorrect or wrongful desire as per will in love such as lust or other factor can lead to negative event.

Other options are incorrect because darkness power, body and its desire and misleading education are not the factors that are responsible for causing moral evil according to St. Augustine .Thus, the correct option is option(a).

Answer: MISDIRECTED LOVE.

Explanation: St Augustine was a Roman African early Christian theologian whose writings influenced the development of western philosophy.

Moral evil can be said to be any event that is morally negative that is caused by an individual intentionally or unintentionally. St. Augustine described misdirected love as the source and origin of moral evil.

Answer: A case that had to do with contract interference. Pennzoil made an unsolicited bid to buy 20 percent of Getty Oil at $112.50 per share and the Getty Board approved the agreement. Before the lawyers for both side could approve the agreement, Texaco appeared and offered Getty stockholders $128 a share for the entire company. Getty officers turned their attention to Texaco, but Pennzoil sued, claiming tortious interference. Texaco said they had not interfered because there was no binding contract.

Jury agreed with Penzoil's argument--$7.53 million in actual damages and $3 billion more in punitive damages. After appeals and frantic negotiations, the two parties reached a settlement.

Texaco agreed to pay Penzoil $3 billion as a settlement for having wrongfully interfered with Pennzoil's agreement to buy Getty.

Answer: This is an example of "THE THIRD VARIABLE PROBLEM".

Explanation:

Third Variable Problem is a type of confounding where we use a third variable to make a relationship between two others. This third variable problem always tends to be a mistaken identity towards a course.

Because the research has assumed the activiness of children who eat more such, when compared to the children who eat less sugar to be caused by metabolism rate without any Experiment, but has chooses to prove his point with a known Experiment, on children children who eat more food when compared to children who eat less food. This is a third party problem, because he has choose to conclude the result of two variables ( activiness of children who eat less sugar Vs children who eat more sugar) with an unrelated variable( food metabolism in children).

Question Optons:

a) directionality problem

b) third-variable problem

c) extreneous variable problem

d) manipulation problem check

Answer: THIRD VARIABLE PROBLEM

Explanation: Third variable problem can be defined as a process whereby an apparent association between an exposure and an outcome is explained by another factor in which the third variable leads to a mistaken causal relationship between two others.  

The three variables here are, children; sugar; metabolism. Originally the research was linked to only the children and sugar then later on, a third variable, that lead to a mistaken casual relationship, metabolism came into place.

This is an observational study. Thus, choice (B) is the right response.

The analysts investigated information from the Medication Initiated Liver Injury Organization, which gathered patient data from different destinations across the U.S. They controlled no factors or control for factors, but instead noticed and examined existing information to reach determinations.

The review meant to research the relationship between liver injury cases and the utilization of natural or dietary enhancements. As it included dissecting existing information with practically no mediation, it falls under the classification of an observational review, permitting specialists to recognize patterns and relationship between factors without straightforwardly mediating in the subjects' ways of behaving or conditions.

Along these lines, choice (B) is exact.

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Final answer:

The study about liver injury cases related to herbal and dietary supplements is an observational study ( second option), as it analyzes data without any experimental manipulation.

Explanation:

The study mentioned in the article where researchers looked at data from the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network and evaluated patient information from eight sites across the U.S., from 2003 to 2011, can be classified as an observational study. This type of study involves monitoring subjects without influencing their actions or the environment.

It extracts conclusions from data collected without any experimental manipulation. In this case, the researchers observed cases where liver injury was attributed to herbal or dietary supplements, as opposed to conducting an experiment or gathering anecdotal evidence or survey data.

Answer:

A cat develops a unique pattern of movement in order to get a reward that is highly consistent, but a different cat will have another consistent movement pattern for obtaining the reward. This is an example of adjunctive behaviors.

Option: (A)

Explanation:

The scenario of each cat developing a unique pattern of movement for obtaining a reward is an example of self-shaping, as each cat has learned a unique way to achieve the desired outcome. Adjunctive behaviors, the stop-action principle, and discrimination are different concepts in psychology.

The scenario you've described, where a cat develops an individual unique pattern of movement in pursuit of a reward, is an example of self-shaping. Associated with behavioral psychology, self-shaping involves an individual or animal making responses which are successively closer to a desired behavior or outcome. In this case, each cat has learned a unique sequence of steps or actions that successfully obtain the reward for them, which is the definition of self-shaping.

Adjunctive behaviors, on the other hand, are behaviors that are induced by a schedule of intermittent reinforcement. The stop-action principle is a concept in animation and film, and discrimination refers to the ability to respond differently to different stimuli.

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Answer: D. we understand and believe in the norms.

Explanation: Internalization Simply means a person's acknowledgment of norms and value which were created by others through socialization. It's an act that involves taking an ideology from outside and absorbing it into your mind. Internalization starts by first learning the norms, then processing or understanding it and then finally accepting and believing in it.

The correct answer is letter A

Ethics

One of the possible definitions of ethics would be that it is a part of philosophy (and also relevant to the social sciences) that deals with an understanding of the notions and principles that underpin the foundations of social morality and individual life. In other words, it is a reflection on the value of social actions considered both at the collective and individual levels.

Social Responsibility

Social responsibility is when companies voluntarily decide to contribute to a fairer society and a cleaner environment. The external level are the consequences of an organization's actions on the environment, its business partners and the environment in which they operate.

Answer: Ethics; social responsibility

Explanation: Ethics in the field of philosophy can be defined as the study of the principles relating to wright and wrong conduct. It is a system of moral principles that is involved in the recommendation of write or wrong behaviour.

Social behaviour involves interaction between two entities of the same species. They can be animals, humans, etc. In marketing decisions social behaviour is involved in the sense that individuals interact with one another.

The correct answer is True

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) stated that he did not, completely rethinking the nature of philosophical knowledge and showing the distinctive features between Philosophy and Science. For the Prussian philosopher, Science is knowledge of the world and Philosophy is knowledge of Science.

Answer:

Option B is Right.

Explanation:

One of the differences between men and women's speech is that Women tend to speak with less forcefulness than men. That is to say; Women tends to use polite words more often than men to address.

According to researches conducted by many linguists for example Robin Lakoff in the year 1975 in one of her books '' Language and Women place'' tells another difference of women using more proper use of Words than men(that is, women are better in grammer than men).

Women tend to speak with less forcefulness than men.

The correct statement about the differences between men and women's speech is b. Women tend to speak with less forcefulness than men.

Research suggests that women often use more qualifiers and hedge their opinions, while men tend to be more direct and assertive in their speech. For example, women may use phrases like 'I think' or 'kind of' to soften their statements, whereas men may make more declarative statements without hedging.

It is important to note that these generalizations don't apply to all individuals and that speech patterns can vary depending on cultural and contextual factors.

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Answer: Self esteem is an example of a CONSTRUCT

Explanation: A construct in Philosophy is a perfect, flawless, optimal object, where the existence of the said object may be in an individual's mind.

In essence, construct does not necessarily exist in reality but are ideal situations.

This is the situation in which Bill is in, wanting to boost his self esteem (construct) he buys expensive things. Self esteem is a CONSTRUCT because the idea exists in the mind of an individual. Which is what CONSTRUCT is about, ideal situations that are not necessarily existent.

Answer:

Yeah, it's true. As the identity theft has become a national problem, requiring photo of every tax payer should be compulsory to deter the possibility theft. Favor should be given in only exceptional circumstances where the taxpayer is known to the site.

Explanation:

Strict voter-ID laws, often enacted by Republican majorities, require photo IDs at polling stations to prevent voter fraud but are criticized for creating barriers for minorities, the elderly, and low-income voters. States like Indiana offer free state identification for voters to alleviate these barriers while maintaining voter-ID requirements.

In most cases, whether a volunteer must review photo identification for every taxpayer to deter the possibility of identity theft is not directly specified, but in the context of voter identification laws, it is often required to review photo IDs at polling stations to prevent voter fraud, though substantial evidence of such fraud is typically lacking. Strict voter-ID laws have been criticized for disproportionately affecting minority, elderly, and low-income citizens who may not possess the necessary documentation. These groups often face challenges in obtaining proper ID due to costs, accessibility issues, or having lost essential documents over time. It's important to consider the balance between preventing fraud and ensuring fair access to voting rights.

Given the sometimes costly steps required to obtain needed documents, legal scholars often argue that photo ID laws create a new "financial barrier to the ballot box." This is supported by the fact that states with such laws often have Republican majorities who advocate for these measures citing voter fraud prevention, while critics argue that they disenfranchise certain voter demographics.

For instance, in Indiana, the photo identification law requires voters to present photo ID that matches voter registration records, but the state provides means for voters to obtain a free state identification card for voting purposes.

Answer:

d. the first child’s 15th birthday.

Explanation:

In a research publication by Lawrence and colleagues in 3008 titled "Marital Satisfaction Across the Transition to Parenthood" it was reported that couples marital satisfaction continues to drop after the birth of the first child until the first child's 15th birthday.

Answer:

Goffman's dramaturgical approach to human interaction emphasizes that we may radically alter our self-expression as we move from situation to situation.

Option: (A)

Explanation:

Answer: The movie is likely to be liked more by "A NASA ENGINEER". The most correct option is C.

Explanation: NASA means, National Aeronautics and Space Administration it is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for aeronautics and aerospace research, this makes the firm to have more Engineers.

This movie will tend to showcase more of the things done by NASA Engineers, because the movie is detailed about space craft and technology, which are the things done by NASA Engineers. They will love the movie most, because it will make them remember some adventures their have passed through at work. And because they are more likely to understand the terminologies been used in the movie, and more likely to learn a new idea in the movie, it will be a very interesting movie for them.

Answer: The four step method to judge an argument, according to Lewis Vaughn in chapter 3 of his book titled " CONCISE GUILD TO CRITICAL THINKING", are as follows;

• Finding the conclusion and premises

• checking to see if the argument is deductive or inductive.

• Determine it's validity or strength.

• Discover if the premises are true or false.

Using this step to judge the argument.

First Step: The conclusion of this argument is; The best way to build an argument is to cite credible source and stay focused on the fact of the issue

The premises of this argument is; If we put too much extraneous information in our argument, our readers will get lost and forget our best points. If we rant and rave about the truth, no matter how important that truth is, they will have no reasons to believe us. So, we should always be objective and stick to the facts.

SECOND STEP: This argument is inductive because the premises of the argument is trying to give good reason for you to believe in the truth of it's conclusion.

THIRD STEP: because the truth of the premises strongly support the truth of the conclusion, therefore the argument is valid.

FOURTH STEP: the premises are true, because people tends to give their audience, when the speaker is communicating what they want to hear at that moment, they is tendency of a listener lossing interest in a speech that has not caught his attention with the fact he's interested in.

IN EVALUATION OF THIS ARGUMENT, BECAUSE THE ARGUMENT IS VALID AND THE PREMISES ARE TRUE, WE CAN AGREE THAT THE CONCLUSION IS TRUE.

Answer:

C) dreams as internal conflicts and unconscious forces that are based on wish fulfillment

Explanation:

In psychology, the psychodynamic theory of dreaming was introduced by one of the most influential psychologists named Sigmund Freud and is responsible for forming the base of psychoanalysis.

According to Sigmund Freud, an individual's is determined as the unconscious completion of desires or wishes he or she possesses. He believed that an individual's memories, thoughts, and feelings are based on concrete symbols and objects in his or her dreams.

Freud's psychodynamic theory of dreaming emphasizes dreams as internal conflicts and unconscious forces that are based on wish fulfillment. The correct option is option C.

Sigmund Freud, the renowned Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis, proposed a psychodynamic theory of dreaming. According to Freud, dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" and serve as a gateway to understanding a person's hidden desires, fears, and unresolved conflicts.

Freud believed that the mind is composed of three main components: the conscious mind, the preconscious mind, and the unconscious mind. The conscious mind consists of thoughts and feelings that are currently in awareness, while the preconscious mind contains thoughts and memories that can be easily accessed. The unconscious mind, however, houses repressed and hidden material that is inaccessible to conscious awareness.

According to Freud, dreams were a way for the unconscious mind to fulfill forbidden or repressed wishes that were deemed unacceptable in waking life. Through the process of dreaming, these unconscious desires could be expressed and gratified in a symbolic and distorted manner, thereby allowing individuals to maintain psychological balance.

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Answer:

Summarize accomplishments of a completed stage

Explanation:

Transitional summaries are statements used to summarize accomplishments of a completed stage.

These summaries usually sum up the most important key points of a session and wrap it up in addition to hinting on whats is new and what is coming up.

It is usually used in business settings where meetings are held to update the entire team about progress of the ongoing or completed projects.

Answer:    Majoritarianism

Explanation:  According to this political philosophy, most in society have a certain degree of priority in political decision-making and thus make decisions that affect the entire society. This principle, where applicable not only to the whole society but also to groups of people, organised with some purpose, etc. This priority in decision making is simply determined as a numerical dominance, that is, most members of the group, residents of the state, etc. The majority system is the opposite of the proportional one, where all minority groups are proportionally represented in decision-making, i.e in parliament, government, etc.

Answer: MAJORITARIANISM

Explanation: Majoritarianism is a political system of government whereby the majority or more than half of the population determines the decisions and policies that affect the society.

This "majority" can be characterized by any identifying factor such as social class, religion, language etc.

This system is different from the democracy system whereby elections are won by the majority votes. In this system, the most dominant factor in the society such as Religion/class etc is what is used to determine polices and decisions.

A typical example of Majoritarianism is The Government of Sri Lanka.

Answer: Even though I have not seen the textbook, but it is very clear that OPTION B has the best in which literature work can be Analyzed.

b. characters, setting, theme, major ideas, artistics qualities, additional approaches.

Explanation: A literature work is any written work of art, which can be read and interpreted. To Analyse any literature work, some things about the work have to be properly looked into, so as to make a good analyses of the work. The characters involved in the work, are the personnel's which played a role in the literature story, the settings of the work is the place where the work is acted on, it also involve the location and the geographical area of the location, the theme of the work is the story line of the literature work, the major idea is the main or conclusion of the story and what the story describes, the artistic quality is how rich the work, and many other approaches can as well be considered, depending on the individual.

The six points for analyzing literature are characters, setting, theme, major ideas, artistic qualities, and additional approaches, which together provide a comprehensive framework for literary analysis.

When analyzing literature, it's essential to consider various aspects that contribute to the work's overall meaning. The six points on the star that represent the different ways literature can be analyzed are characters, setting, theme, major ideas, artistic qualities, and additional approaches. This analytical framework allows for an in-depth study of literature by examining who the characters are, where and when the story takes place (the setting), the central messages or themes the work is conveying, the larger ideas that the work grapples with, including philosophical or moral questions, the artistic elements that contribute to the work's style and tone, and various other lenses through which one can consider the text such as historical context or critical theories.

Answer:

Ethnocentrism

Explanation:

Ethnocentrism is a terminology in the social sciences used to describe the judging or measuring of another culture or way of life, and believing that one's culture or way of life is superior; this could be as regards, religion, language, morals or customs.

In other words, is believing that one's culture is superior to other cultures.

For example, Americans who use forks, spoons and knives for eating, might find it strange to see the Chinese eating with chopsticks.

Explanation:

         The globalization of the human capitals may be defined as the process of spreading out of the employees across the world by the employers to work and achieve exposure. They carry their knowledge, manual skilled labor, beliefs and their experiences along with them.

          As the organizations and firms goes global, they make their presence in the other countries and operates globally. Thus it requires human capital to move from one country to another country in the interest of their work as the organization increases their global operation. hence it is inevitable.

Final answer:

The globalization of human capital involves the worldwide distribution of skills and labor as companies seek cost-effective talent, driven by competitive pressures and technological advancements in communication. As firms grow globally, this becomes nearly inevitable, contributing to debates on economic inequality and political responses in developed countries.

Explanation:

The globalization of human capital refers to the international flow of talent and skills as businesses seek efficient, cost-effective labor across borders. This trend is driven by the need for multinational corporations to remain competitive in a global market by finding the best balance between cost and skill. The proliferation of modern communications and information technology has accelerated this process, enabling companies to source talent globally more easily.

As firms expand globally, the globalization of human capital becomes more pronounced, making it an almost inevitable aspect of international business operations. Corporations move operations to locations where labor is more affordable and regulations may be less stringent, as seen in the shifting of factories to countries with cheaper labor and weaker environmental standards. This has significant implications, including political debates in home countries about job losses and rising inequality. However, this practice is also controversial and can result in xenophobia and efforts to maintain a domestic facade for products.

Ultimately, the globalization of human capital is part of the broader movement towards a more interconnected global economy, marked by increased international trade and capital flows. The quest for cheaper labor and resources continues to drive this trend, highlighting a modern form of globalization often referred to as neocolonialism or corporate colonialism.

Final answer:

Green design, sustainable packaging, waste management, and energy efficiency are aspects of environmental sustainability initiatives that companies have sought to address.

Explanation:

Green design, sustainable packaging, waste management, and energy efficiency are aspects of environmental sustainability initiatives that companies have sought to address. These initiatives are part of a broader commitment to promote sustainability and reduce the environmental impact of business operations. For example, companies like Amazon, Samsung, Canon, Sprint, and Dell have implemented effective programs to measure and reduce emissions, create greener products, and reduce environmental impacts throughout their operations (Sadoff, 2019).