Answer:
C. An organizational IRB or Privacy Board, privacy official ("Privacy Officer"), or security official ("Security Officer"), depending on the issue.
Explanation:
The full form of HIPAA is Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. The main aim of HIPAA is to protect the health insurance coverage for the workers as well their families when they change their jobs or they run jobless and also protects the health data confidentiality, integrity and accountability.
If you are not sure about the particulars of the research requirements of HIPAA at the organization, then we can consult any one from the below :
--Privacy Board
--an organizational IRB
--security official
Hence the correct option is (C).
If infancy's major social achievement is _____, childhood's major social achievement is the development of a _____.
Answer:
Attachment;Self concept
Explanation:
If infancy's major social achievement is attachment, childhood's major social achievement is the development of a self concept.
The major achievement of an infant would be the ability to feel attached to his surrounding and people around him. Where as a childs childhood develops his sense of existence and self concept. A child finds his identity and learns the concept of self development.
I hope the answer is helpful.
Thanks
Final answer:
The primary social achievement in infancy is forming attachments, while in childhood, it's the development of a self-concept. From establishing emotional bonds in infancy to recognizing one's individuality in childhood, each stage plays a crucial role in a child's social and emotional development.
Explanation:
The major social achievement during infancy is the development of attachment, which is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space. Attachment lays the groundwork for future social development, as it influences a child's ability to form relationships later in life. As developmental psychologists have found, healthy attachment patterns established in infancy are important for a child's overall social and emotional development.
Transitioning into childhood, the major social achievement evolves into the development of a self-concept. A self-concept is an understanding of oneself, a realization that one is a distinct individual, separate from others. It begins to form as early as 18 months, as demonstrated by the mirror test, where toddlers recognize themselves in the mirror. By the ages of 24 to 36 months, children can identify themselves in pictures, signifying a stronger sense of self-awareness.
While cognitive skills develop rapidly, it is equally crucial for children to develop their social skills during childhood. This includes the capacity to understand, predict, and establish bonds with others, which are all part of a robust psychosocial development.
Advances in ___________________________ allow us to adequately test conditions under which age- related __________ change in the brain is associated with decline, compensation, or even improvement in functioning.
Answer:
Neuroscientific methods; structural.
Explanation:
'Neuroscience' is described as the branch of science that is associated with observing and examining the very composition and function of the human brain as well as the nervous system. The neuroscientific methods aim to study how the human brain and its workings lead to a significant impact on human behavior, thinking, and cognitive functions. Advancement in 'neuroscientific methods' allow us to appropriately examine the test environments under which the age-associated 'structural' development in the brain is affiliated with reduction and enhancement in functioning or operation of the brain.
Advances in neuroscience allow us to adequately test conditions under which age-related cognitive change in the brain is associated with decline, compensation, or even improvement in functioning.
Research, such as the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition proposed by Park and Reuter-Lorenz, demonstrates how the brain adapts to neural atrophy by creating alternative connections or scaffolding.
This helps older adults maintain high levels of performance despite age-related changes.
Moreover, extensive studies including ACTIVE (Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly) have shown that cognitive training programs can improve brain functioning and slow down cognitive decline in elderly populations by promoting brain compensation.
Mark is a member of a gang. As a member, he engages in a great deal of criminal activity. He often steals items from Wal-Mart and sells them for cash on the street. He argues that his actions are not wrong because Wal-Mart is rich and no one is really being hurt. Which technique of neutralization does this represent?
Answer:
Denial of injury
Explanation:
Denial of injury is a situation where the offender in a case insists that their actions are not wrong because if did not cause or inflict any damage or harm to anyone. In this example, Mark believes Walmart is really rich and the items he steals from the stores does not affect Walmart, neither is anyone hurt in the process, and therefore feels that he is not doing anything wrong.
Horace, the youngest child of a high school athletic director, was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months, and walk at 12 months. This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to:_______.
a. habituation.
b. imprinting.
c. maturation.
d. conditioning.
e. responsive parenting.
Answer:
c. maturation
Explanation:
Maturation -
It refers to the steps in which the young infant develops and grows up , is referred to as maturation .
The steps of maturation , require certain time period , as when the child will start to crawl , walk , read , speak etc .
Some children tends to learn these things in a faster rate and some may take more time , all depends on the food , parents and on genes .
Hence , from the given scenario of the question ,
The correct option is c. maturation .
Final answer:
Horace's motor development sequence of rolling over, crawling, and walking are a result of maturation, the biological growth processes that facilitate these changes in a generally predetermined order.
Explanation:
The ordered sequence of motor development observed in Horace, which includes rolling over, crawling, and walking, is largely due to c. maturation. Maturation refers to the biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
Therefore, motor development is not just about increasing physical activity but relates to the development of the nervous system and maturity of the muscles and bones required for movement. Sitting, crawling, and walking are typical developmental milestones accomplished through maturation. It's a naturally occurring process that unfolds as the child grows.
There are principles that govern these developments, known as the cephalocaudal (head to tail) and proximodistal (midline outward) principles. These principles suggest that motor skills develop from the head downward and from the center of the body outward, which explains the sequence of milestones such as head control, sitting, and finally walking.
Last night, Al had a dream. Al's friend William believes Al's dream was meaningful and contained important information that needed to be heard. Al disagreed. Al believes that his dream was a prediction of his future. William's belief about dreams supports the _____ theory and Al's belief about dreams supports the _____ theory. a. visitation; generative b. generative; visitation c. message; visitation d. message; generative
Answer:
The correct answer to this question is d. message; generative
Explanation:
Last night, Al had a dream. Al's friend William believes Al's dream was meaningful and contained important information that needed to be heard. Al disagreed. Al believes that his dream was a prediction of his future. William's belief about dreams supports the message theory and Al's belief about dreams supports the generative theory.
Message theory states that a dream consists of a message from the subconscious mind that the dreamer needs to focus on while the generative theory believes that dreams indicate about the future incidents that are about to occur.
The parent of an underage client requests to see a sample of the questions on a standardized achievement test you are responsible for administering. Your best response would be to:a. allow the parent to preview the questions if he/she signs a confidentiality agreement.b. consult with your professional mentor to determine how to handle the situation.c. explain to the parent that the test content must remain secure and he/she may not view the questions.d. only allow the parent to view the test questions in your office under your supervision.
Answer:
C. Explain to the parent that the test content must remain secure and he/she may not view the questions
A(n) ______ is a handheld vertical lever, mounted to a base, that you move to control the actions in a game.
Answer:
joystick
Explanation:
The joystick is a device used as a controller that helps you control the actions you take in the game.
Joystick consists of the stick that pivots on the foundation base and looks a lot like a stick shift. On the base are few more push buttons that give additional controls.
It has been used in video gaming since the 60s and 70s, although today gamepads are much more popular and common in video gaming. On gamepads, analog sticks have the purpose of control that joystick has.
The law offers full protection for employees who take an ethical stand against an employer.
Answer:
False.
Explanation:
Ethics refers to the basic principles and foundations of decent human behavior. It includes the study of universal moral values, natural rights, respect to land law, concern for the natural environment and other moral problems prevalent in the society. Ethics determine the path of right or wrong self conduct and therefore it is not legally applicable or enforced.
What term describes the facet of Jesus’s ministry in which he preaches on the road, taking his message to different groups as he and his disciples move from place to place?
Answer:Itinerant
Explanation: An itinerant is a person who goes from place to place usually because of the kind of work that they do such as preaching , which requires them to move from one community to another which they haven't seen before or where they haven't worked before.
A logical proposition is any proposition that can be reduced by replacement of its constituent terms to a proposition expressing a logical truth—e.g., to a proposition such as "If p and q, then p." The proposition "All husbands are married," for_____________
Explanation:
The definition of logical proposition as discussed in the question is any any proposition that can be reduced by replacement of its constituent terms to a proposition expressing a logical truth.
So, accordingly, '
"If p and q, then p.
" The proposition "All husbands are married," is logically equivalent to the proposition "If something is married is male, then it is married" .
Logical propositions, such as 'All husbands are married', state necessary conditions and can be challenged by counterexamples. They are analyzed using the rules of logic, and when embedded in arguments, the logical connection between premises and conclusions determines validity.
Explanation:A logical proposition such as 'All husbands are married' is a universal affirmative statement that indicates a necessary condition; in this case, being married is necessary to be classified as a husband. To challenge such a proposition, one would present a counterexample, which demonstrates a case where the proposition fails. For instance, if one could find a 'husband' that is not married, it would directly contradict the proposition and show that the statement does not hold true in all instances.
Logical propositions are often analyzed through deductive reasoning, where conclusions must logically follow from the premises provided. The proposition about husbands is a form of deductive reasoning, and by understanding its structure, we apply the rules of logic to assess its validity.
Arguments, on the other hand, include a set of premises that aim to support a conclusion logically. The premises must be true for the conclusion to be logically valid. These premises are often connected by inferences, which are the reasoning processes that lead us from one idea to another. The assessment of an argument's logical structure is separate from the truth of its components and is crucial in determining its overall validity.
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Pacha's friend is trying to convince her to take a particular drug. The friend explains that the drug attaches to a neurotransmitter receptor and produces neural actions that mimic or enhance those of a naturally occurring neurotransmitter. Pacha's friend tries to convince her that the drug won't cause problems because it is natural. The drug Pacha's friend is describing is known as an:____________.
Answer:
agonist
Explanation:
Agonist -
It refers to the chemical species , which gets attached to the receptor and then activates it , which in turn produces some biological response , is referred to as an agonist .
Similar to agonist , is antagonist , which reverses the action of the agonist .
Hence , from the given scenario of the question,
The correct term is agonist .
Assume a researcher finds that overuse of a drug reduces the body's production of neurotransmitters. Thus, if an abuser of this drug stops taking the drug, withdrawal symptoms occur until the brain begins producing normal levels of neurotransmitters again. Such a finding would most directly support which view of the cause of substance-abuse disorders?
A. behavioral
B. biochemical
C. sociocultural
D. opponent-process
Such a finding would most directly support the behavioural view of substance-abuse disorders' cause.
What is the behavioural view of addiction?According to the behavioural paradigm, addiction develops gradually and is brought on by outside rewards. Researchers have studied the factors that lead to addiction and developed ideas to explain its origin over time. For instance, some academics argue that the main motivation behind addiction is the need to avoid excruciatingly agonizing withdrawal symptoms.
This hypothesis may hold true for people with a severe heroin use problem, but it does not explain the majority of mild and moderate addictions. According to some academics, addiction is only a medical condition that results from a genetic lottery and exposure to substance usage. A hypothesis may develop into a behavioral model of addiction when more study is done on it, such as the cognitive-behavioural model of addiction.
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Suppose that you drop two objects from the same height at the same time. Both objects are heavy enough to be unaffected by air resistance and one object is twice as heavy. Who predicted that both objects would hit the ground at the same time? A Aristotle. B Galileo. C Pythagoras. D Nobody predicted that.
Answer:
D. Nobody predicted that
Explanation:
Aristotle only predicted that the heavier object would hit the ground long before the lighter one.
B- Galileo had conducted an experiment at the leaning tower of Pisa when he dropped two objects, namely two balls of different weights, from the height and noticed this.
Both the balls fell at the ground at the same time and it was noticed that regardless of their weight, both the objects will hit the ground at the same time given that the air friction can be ignored.
Galileo was a huge contributor to the humanities in the field of philosophies, astronomy, aerodynamics and so many more fields due to the natural abilities he had possessed .His theory '' Galileo law of dynamics'' was considered as the base of various studies related to mass weight, gravity of the earth and speed of factors with time and distance.Galileo's experiment opened the doors of studies in these fields where he concluded that two objects regardless of their weight will hit the ground at the same time given that the air friction is negotiable.Hence, The correct option is B that the prediction about the objects hitting the ground at the same time was done by Galileo.
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The year is 1907. A new drug has been marketed as a "blood energizer that will cure many ailments" with a label that accurately lists its ingredients. It has not been proven to be safe or effective. According to the laws of the time, this product is legal.
a) true
b) false
Answer: True
Explanation:
This is true because quality control knowledge was limited as of 1907, breakthrough in science was not as it is today. If this same scenario plays today, there would confirmation on the drugs before it's been sold in the market.
. Sixteen-year-old Eric thinks that most students in his school are interested to know about his social life and his daily routine. He thinks he is very unique, and he wants to be desired by his peers and friends. He always wants to be the center of attention too. According to Piaget, what is Eric experiencing?
Classification
Identity diffusion
Transitivity
Adolescent egocentrism
Answer:
Adolescent ego-centrism
Explanation:
Adolescent ego-centrism is a common state for all students who are in this age. They all have the same perception related to the world that the whole world is revolving around them. For many of the teenager are inflated with the confidence of their age.
Teenagers self perplexed with the thought that their peers are jealous of him and will lead his greatness. But it does not happen the same all the teen-age because some are filled with negative thoughts. They feel lonely and alone in the world. They feel that they are special and unique.
This Thus here according to Piaget, Eric experienced the classification that they are adolescent ego-centrism.
Meno is 64 years old. Although continuously faced with considerable stress and difficulty in his life, he always displays an optimistic, upbeat attitude. According to research, Meno should__________________________
Answer: B. probably live longer than those without such positive attitudes.
Options:
A. develop a larger frontal lobe over time than those without such positive attitudes.
B. probably live longer than those without such positive attitudes.
C. be more likely to be involved with positive community activities than those without such positive attitudes.
D. be less likely to have heart disease than those without such positive attitudes
Explanation: Over the years and across different studies, scientists have found a relationship between positive emotions and longevity/living long.
A positive attitude, especially when this attitude starts in early life, leads to longevity. A study which reviewed the diaries of almost 200 nuns from the time they were 22 until their death observed that those with positive emotions lived longer than other nuns who were not as positive.
In an SQL query, which SQL keyword is used with built-in functions to group together rows that have the same value in a specified column or columns?
Answer: GROUP BY
Explanation:SQL(STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE) is a term used to describe the process through which a person or an organization collects or retrieve,store or request for certain data or information from a computer database. It has some structured or standard queries which can be effective in retrieving or storing data or information in a computer database. To group rows with the same value together in a specific column or row the keywords used with built-in Functions is GROUP BY.
The SQL keyword used with built-in functions to group together rows with identical values in specific columns is 'GROUP BY'. It collects identical data and use the functions like SUM, AVG, etc, on these collected data. A typical use would be to find out the total amounts sold for each product in a 'Sales' table, which includes 'Product' and 'Amount' columns.
Explanation:In SQL queries, the GROUP BY keyword is used in combination with built-in functions to organize rows that have the same values in specified column(s). To illustrate, let's create an example where we're working with a database that includes a 'Sales' table with 'Product', 'Region', and 'Amount' columns. If we wanted to know the total amounts sold for each product, we could use the GROUP BY clause like this:
SELECT Product, SUM(Amount) FROM Sales GROUP BY Product;
This SQL statement will group all of the same 'Product' rows together and provide the sum of the 'Amount' column for each 'Product', thanks to the built-in SUM function.
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1. Describe how/where the Industrial Revolution spread from the 18th century onward through the 19th century.
Answer:
The availability of the natural minerals led the industrial Revolution spread in Europe and America during the 18th to 19th century.
Explanation:
The industrialization began in Great Britain for the first time in the 1700s. The industrial revolution started to spread in different countries in Europe like Belgium, France and Germany. The mining industries, like iron ore and coal, began to grow during the industrial revolution in Europe. Rapid advances in the textiles industries, steel, and iron came into existence which encourages steamboat and railroads.
Which of the following is TRUE? A. Adam Smith proposed the theory of comparative advantage as the basis for trade in The Wealth of Nations. B. Absolute advantage is based on comparing the opportunity costs of trading partners. C. David Ricardo proposed the theory of absolute advantage as the basis for trade. D. The Ricardian model assumes labor is perfectly mobile.
Answer:
D. The Ricardian model assumes labor is perfectly mobile
Explanation:
This model assumes that labor is perfectly mobile, tech is constant, and markets are perfectly competitive. It was developed by David Ricardo in his classical theory of comparative advantage which explains why countries engage in international trade even though their production may be more efficient than its trade partners. The comparative advantage of countries were explained and based on these assumptions.
Which clause requires state courts to enforce the civil judgments of the courts of other states and accept their public records and acts as valid?
Answer:
The correct answer to the following question will be "Full faith and credit clause".
Explanation:
The Full Faith and Credit Clause describes the obligations that specify that perhaps the "legal laws, documents, and legal proceedings of any other entity" must be upheld throughout the U.S.In all the other U.S. states, the amendment necessitates that all choices, public documents, and precedents of one state be respected.Therefore, it's the right answer.
The 1819 Civilization Fund Act
a. aimed to educate native children in an effort to "civilize" them
b. led to the development of many boarding schools
c. aimed to eradicate Christianity in the Americas
d. Both a and b
The 1819 Civilization Fund Act sought to 'civilize' Native American children through education, leading to the establishment of boarding schools. These schools aimed to assimilate Native children into Euro-American culture, often through harsh and culturally destructive means.
Explanation:The question "The 1819 Civilization Fund Act" concerns a pivotal aspect of U.S. history, specifically relating to Native American history and policies aimed at their assimilation. The correct answer is d. Both a and b: The act both aimed to educate Native children in an effort to "civilize" them and led to the development of many boarding schools. These schools were part of a broader strategy to assimilate Native American children into Euro-American culture by removing them from their families and communities, enforcing the use of English, and suppressing Indigenous languages, cultures, and religions. The most infamous of these schools was the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, established by Richard Pratt, who infamously espoused the goal to "Kill the Indian, save the man." The effect of these policies was profound and long-lasting, stripping many Native Americans of their cultural identity and causing lasting trauma among Native communities.
what have Europeans tried to solve the problem of so many languages
Answer:
The Europeans have changed the school curriculums to include more languages other than the native languages in order to solve the problem of so many languages.
Explanation:
The idea of introducing multiple languages in the school curriculum itself in order to address the problem of miscommunication prevalent in Europe due to the existence of so many languages was deemed to be most feasible by the administrations of European countries. Languages like Russian, French, English, Spanish, German, etc. are currently a part of the European school curriculums other than the native languages of the countries.Rifkin concludes that:______
a. Markets should be governed by NGOs, which draw on our empathic drives
b. MNCs that do not adopt social responsibility initiatives should be shamed for their lack of empathy
c. Religious ties move us past nationalism to deeper identity
d. If we can’t imagine our empathy extending to a planetary scale, we won’t be able to save ourselves or possibly the planet
Answer:
If we can’t imagine our empathy extending to a planetary scale, we won’t be able to save ourselves or possibly the planet
Explanation:
The 75 years-old Jeremy Rifkin was born in January 1945. He is a writer, a public speaker of American descent, who is also viewed as a social theorist and activist. He has written a lot of books, twenty-one in number, and he emphasizes on how science and technology affect our economy, the society in general and the workforce.
At some point, he came up with a documentary, a TLDR version of his books, with the hope of getting everyone interested to help build and boost the economy and as well, save the planet.
- How did the rapid influx of immigrants from Eastern & Southern Europe, and Asia affect debates about American national identity?
Answer: The correct answer is : The rapid influence of immigrants from parts of the world that are not from the north or west of Europe and Asia, that is immigrants from the south and east, affected the debates about the national identity of the United States because it caused anti-immigrant feelings based largely on the different appearance of those who arrived. These physical differences, such as men, women and children with olive skin and dark hair, were seen as inferior by pale-faced inhabitants, and concluded that they were bad for the well-beinf of the country.
Zhenghan notices a strong correlation between whether a person is a freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior in college and the number of credit hours that he or she has registered for. As their years in college increase, students tend to register for fewer credit hours. Based on this information, the correlation coefficient between years in college and number of credit hours is closest to _______.
Answer: d) - 0.7
Options:
a) + 0.2.
b) - 0.2.
c) + 0.7.
d) - 0.7.
Explanation: The correlation coefficient is used in statistics to measure the how two variables/events affect each other. The value is always between -1 and +1. A value of -1 or +1 indicates that there is a perfect correlation between the two variables, that is, one is caused by the other. Negative values indicate that as one variable increases the other decreases. On the other hand, positive values mean that as one variable increases the other also increases.
The relationship described here is inverse, that is, as students' years in college increase, they register for fewer credit hours, so this is a negative value. Because the question says the correlation is strong, -7 is more likely than -2. So -7 is the correct answer.
The correlation coefficient between years in college and number of credit hours is close to -1.
Explanation:In this case, the correlation coefficient between years in college and number of credit hours can be determined by the trend mentioned. As the years in college increase, students tend to register for fewer credit hours. This indicates a negative correlation between the two variables. The correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from -1 to 1, with -1 indicating a strong negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation, and 1 indicating a strong positive correlation.
Since students tend to register for fewer credit hours as their years in college increase, we can infer that the correlation coefficient between years in college and number of credit hours is close to -1. This suggests a strong negative correlation between the two variables.
Fill in the blanks: As magnification increases, the area of the field of view _______, the depth of the field of view _________, the working distance ______, and the amount of light required ____________.
Answer:
As magnification increases, the area of the field of view decreases, the depth of the field of view increases, the working distance decreases, and the amount of light required increases.
Explanation:
When the magnification is manually increased, the aperture is automatically decreased and the light entering through the lens and falling on the mirror is also decreased. If there is not ample light coming in from the objective glass of the lens, the resolution of the image being obtained is compromised as the resolution directly depends on the amount of light.The correct options of the above situation are Decreases, increases, decreases, and increases.
What is magnification?Magnification is defined as the procedure of blowing up the evident size, but not the physical size, of something. This increase is quantified by measured numbers.
When the magnification is manually increased, the aperture is mechanically decreased and the light coming in through the lens and falling on the mirror is also decreased.
If there is no good light coming through from the clinical glass of the lens, the resolution of the image being obtained is agreed, as the resolution directly looks at the amount of light.
Therefore, the correct fills of the above situation are Decreases, increases, decreases, and increases.
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After a researcher conditions a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a tone, she continues to present the tone but does not give the dog any food. Eventually, the dog stops salivating to the tone. The dog is demonstrating:________
Answer:
Extinction
Explanation:
In terms of psychology, extinction refers to the progressive weakening of a conditioned response that results in a reduction or absence of the behavior. it explains why a prior conditioned behavior of an organism would eventually stop and it can be observed in both classical conditioning and operant conditioning. As per the question, the extinction signifies stopping of the saliva of the dog in absence of reinforcement of the behavior.
In this scenario, the dog exhibits 'extinction,' where it ceases to produce the conditioned response (salivation) when the tone is presented without food. This occurs after repeated instances where the unconditioned stimulus (food) is absent with tone presentation.
Explanation:In the scenario described, the dog is demonstrating a process known as extinction. This process occurs in classical conditioning, a type of learning process in psychology. Initially, the dog was conditioned to salivate in response to the sound of a tone because it associated that tone with the subsequent presentation of food. This association between the sound and food is the conditioned response.
However, when the researcher continues to present the tone without food, the association breaks down. After repeated presentations of the sound without the accompanying food, the dog eventually stops salivating in response to the tone. This cessation of the conditioned response due to the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in this case, the food) is what is known as extinction.
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Who used cosmetics for personal beautification, for religious ceremonies, and to prepare the deceased for burial?
Answer:
Egyptians used cosmetics for these purposes.
Explanation:
Makeup was a big part of Egyptian lifestyle. They used copious amounts of it, believing it gave them protection from the gods Ra and Horus.
It was mostly common to wear makeup around the eyes. They used it for personal beautification as well as religious ceremonies and to prepare the deceased for burials.
They used galena and malachite powder which gave them colors to produce mostly eyeliner.
NET R values are positive
a. during the night when +LW is at a maximum
b. after dusk due to a lag effect of outgoing infrared radiation
c. during daylight hours, peaking just after noon with the peak of insolation
d. during the daylight hours, peaking just after sunrise
Answer:
Answer is C. during daylight hours, peaking just after noon with the peak of insolation
Explanation:
Net R-values can be described or explained as the total amount of energy that is available in influencing the climate or amount of energy available to the land surface for different nonradioactive processes such as biological synthesis.
The Net R value can be measured by radiometer.
It should be noted that Net radiation can be mathematically calculated, For example, the Net radiation for row of crop can be calculated using
Rn = { 1 - ∝ }Rs + Rnl
where, Rn = Net radiation, ∝ = Albedo, Rs = Short wave radiation, Rnl = Longwave radiation.
Albedo can be calculated as,
∝ = C∝c + { 1 - C}∝s, where
∝ = Albedo, ∝c = Plant albedo, ∝s = Soil albedo, C = Relative fraction.
NET R values are positive during daylight hours, peaking just after noon with the peak of insolation, as this is when the earth receives the most solar radiation, leading to an imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation.
Explanation:The question revolves around when net radiation values (NET R) are positive. Net radiation is the difference between incoming and outgoing radiation, which can be either shortwave or longwave. During daylight hours, the earth receives solar radiation (insolation), which increases after sunrise, peaking around noon, and decreases towards sunset. This insolation is a key component of net shortwave radiation (K*). Meanwhile, net longwave radiation (L*) is influenced by outgoing terrestrial longwave flux, which can be affected by factors like cloud cover and the temperature of the air relative to the ground.
Given this information, the correct answer to the question is c. during daylight hours, peaking just after noon with the peak of insolation. This is when the imbalance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing radiation is greatest, resulting in positive net radiation values. The lag effect of outgoing infrared radiation after dusk does not typically result in positive NET R values, as by that time, incoming solar radiation has ceased.
Understanding net radiation is crucial for comprehending various climate and weather phenomena, including the urban heat island effect and the daily temperature lag, which further emphasizes the importance of solar radiation in determining earth's energy balance.
Frances wishes to study the effects of violent videogames on children’s levels of aggression. As children come to the lab for the study, she flips a coin. If it turns up heads, the child plays a violent videogame. If it turns up tails, the child plays a nonviolent videogame. Frances has used the technique of
Answer:
Random assignment technique
Explanation:
The options for this question are missing. The options are:
A. Creating matched pairs
B Random assignment
C. Correlated assignment
In research, the term random assignment refers to the use of chance procedures to make sure that each participant of the study is assigned to a random group. In other words, participants are assigned to random groups.
In this example, Frances wants to study the effects of violent videogames on children's levels of aggression. As children come to the lab, she flips a coin and if it's heads they play a video game. If it's tails, they play a non-violent video game. We can see that Frances is using a random method to assign the children to the groups (flipping a coin) and therefore they are assigned to random groups because she is using a chance procedure. Therefore she is using random assignment technique
Final answer:
Frances uses a coin flip to randomly assign children to play either a violent or nonviolent video game, a method known as random assignment. This technique is crucial for creating equivalent groups and ensuring the validity of experimental results by minimizing bias.
Explanation:
Frances wishes to study the effects of violent videogames on children’s levels of aggression. In this scenario, she employs a method where, as children arrive at the lab, she flips a coin to decide which type of game they will play: violent or nonviolent. This approach represents random assignment, a fundamental technique used in experimental design to ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group. This method helps in creating equivalent groups before the experiment begins, thereby reducing bias and increasing the validity of the experiment's results. The random assignment is crucial in assessing the causal relationship between violent video games and aggression, as it helps to distribute other variables evenly across both groups, ensuring that the observed effects on aggression are likely due to the type of game played.