How many grams of product can be produced by reacting 5.0 gram of aluminum and 22 grams of bromine? 2 Al + 3 Br2 > 2 AlBr3

Answer:

. a small lattice energy for the solid and a large hydration energy for its ions

Explanation:

Lattice energy refers to the energy that binds the ions together in the crystal lattice. This same energy must be supplied for the !active to disintegrate and release the ions to form a solution a solution by solvation involving solvent ions or dipoles. The hydration energy is the energy released on solvation of the ionic solid by the solvent. If the energy released during hydration is less than the lattice energy, the ionic solid cannot dissolve in the solvent since the hydration energy provides the energy required to collapse the ionic lattice and release the ions.

The solubility of an ionic solid in water is most favored by a combination of a small lattice energy and a large hydration energy, which facilitates the dissolution process causing a favorable overall enthalpy change. Option B is correct.

The solubility of an ionic solid in water should be most favored by a small lattice energy for the solid and a large hydration energy for its ions. This combination of energies facilitates the dissolution process.

The small lattice energy means less energy is required to break the ionic lattice of the solid, while the large hydration energy indicates that a substantial amount of energy is released when water molecules attach to the ions during the solvation process. Altogether, this leads to a favorable enthalpy change that promotes solubility.

Hence, B. is the correct option.

In cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, the most stable conformation has both methyl groups in the equatorial positions, minimizing steric strain and making it energetically favorable.

In the most stable conformation of cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane, the methyl groups are located in the equatorial positions. This conformation minimizes steric strain by eliminating 1,3-diaxial interactions that would be present if the methyl groups were in axial positions. Since the methyl groups are not on adjacent carbons, gauche interactions are not possible, further emphasizing that the conformation with both methyl groups in the equatorial positions is the most stable. The stability of this conformation is primarily due to the reduction of steric interactions, allowing the molecular structure to be more energetically favorable compared to one where the methyl groups are axial.

Answer: True

Explanation: the angle of incident Ray equals the angle of the reflected Ray.

Answer:

11.02 % of an isotope will be left after 45 seconds.

Explanation:

[tex]N=N_o\times e^{-\lambda t}\\\\\lambda =\frac{0.693}{t_{\frac{1}{2}}}[/tex]

where,

[tex]N_o[/tex] = initial mass of isotope

N = mass of the parent isotope left after the time, (t)

[tex]t_{\frac{1}{2}}[/tex] = half life of the isotope

[tex]\lambda[/tex] = rate constant

We have :

Mass of Beryllium-11 radioactive isotope= [tex]N_o=100[/tex]

Mass of Beryllium-11 radioactive isotope after 45 seconds = [tex]N=?[/tex]

t = 45 s

[tex]\lambda[/tex] = rate constant  = [tex]4.9 \% s^{-1}=0.049 s^{-1}[/tex]

[tex]N=N_o\times e^{-(\lambda \times t}[/tex]

Now put all the given values in this formula, we get

[tex]N=100\times e^{-0.049 s^{-1}\ties 45 s}[/tex]

[tex]N=11.02 g[/tex]

Percentage of isotope left :

[tex]\frac{N}{N_o}\times 100=\frac{11.02 g}{100 g}\times 100=11.02\%[/tex]

11.02 % of an isotope will be left after 45 seconds.

Final answer:

To calculate the remaining amount of Beryllium-11 after 45 seconds based on a 4.9% decay rate per second, the exponential decay formula is used. The remaining percentage is found by the expression 100 × (1 - 0.049) ^ 45.

Explanation:

The question asks how much of the radioactive isotope Beryllium-11 would be left after 45 seconds if it decays at a rate of 4.9% per second starting from 100%. To find the remaining amount, we can use the exponential decay formula, which is:

Remaining amount = Initial amount × (1 - decay rate) ^ time

In this case, the initial amount is 100%, decay rate is 0.049 (4.9% as a decimal), and time is 45 seconds. Plugging the values into the formula gives us:

Remaining amount = 100 × (1 - 0.049) ^ 45

Calculating this, we get:

Remaining amount = 100 × (0.951) ^ 45

Utilizing a calculator for the exponential part, we'll find the percentage of Beryllium-11 left after 45 seconds.

Answer:

Brackett Series (n = 4)

Explanation:

The least energetic line of Hydrogen atom lies in Brackett Series when n = 4 because these are least energetic, have longer wavelengths and lies in Infrared region of spectrum.  No traces of Pfund series are formed by H=atoms.

Answer:

16.79 grams of dinitrogen monoxide are present after 31.3 g of calcium nitrate and 38.7 g of ammonium fluoride react completely. And calcium nitrate is a limiting reactant. Explanation:

[tex]Ca(NO_3)_2(aq)+2NH_4F(aq)\rightarrow CaF_2(aq)+2N_2O(g)+4H_2O(g)[/tex]

Moles of calcium nitrate = [tex]\frac{31.3 g}{164 g/mol}=0.1908 mol[/tex]

Moles of ammonium fluoride = [tex]\frac{38.7 g}{37 g/mol}=1.046 mol[/tex]

According to reaction , 2 moles of ammonium fluoride reacts with 1 mole of calcium nitrate.

Then 1.046 moles of ammonium fluoride will react with :

[tex]\frac{1}{2}\times 1.046 mol=0.523 mol[/tex] calcium nitarte .

This means that ammonium fluoride is in excess amount and calcium nitrate is in limiting amount.

Hence, calcium nitrate is a limiting reactant.

So, amount of dinitrogen monoxide will depend upon moles of calcium nitrate.

So, according to reaction , 1 mole of calcium nitarte gives 2 moles of dinitrogen monoxide gas .

Then 0.1908 moles of calcium nitrate will give:

[tex]\frac{2}{1}\times 0.1908 mol=0.3816 mol[/tex]of dinitrogen monoxide gas.

Mass of 0.03816 moles of dinitrogen monoxide gas:

0.03816 mol × 44 g/mol = 16.79 g

16.79 grams of dinitrogen monoxide are present after 31.3 g of calcium nitrate and 38.7 g of ammonium fluoride react completely. And calcium nitrate is a limiting reactant.

After the reaction is complete the mass of dinitrogen monoxide N2O 8.39 grams.

let's follow these steps.

Step 1. Write the balanced chemical equation.

The reaction given is between calcium nitrate [tex]\( \text{Ca(NO}_3\text{)}_2 \)[/tex] and ammonium fluoride [tex]\( \text{NH}_4\text{F} \)[/tex], producing calcium fluoride [tex]\( \text{CaF}_2 \),[/tex] dinitrogen monoxide nitrous oxide, [tex]\ \text{N}_2\text{O} \)[/tex], and water vapor [tex]\( \text{H}_2\text{O} \)[/tex]

The balanced chemical equation is.

[tex]\[ \text{Ca(NO}_3\text{)}_2 + 2 \text{NH}_4\text{F} \[/tex] right arrow [tex]\text{CaF}_2 + \text{N}_2\text{O} + 4 \text{H}_2\text{O} \][/tex]

Step 2. Calculate the molar masses.

- Molar mass of. [tex]\( \text{Ca(NO}_3\text{)}_2 \)[/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Ca}[/tex] = [tex]40.08 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{N} = 14.01 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{O} = 16.00 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Molar mass of } \text{Ca(NO}_3\text{)}_2 = 40.08 + 2 \cdot (14.01 + 3 \cdot 16.00) = 164.10 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

- Molar mass of [tex]\( \text{NH}_4\text{F} \):[/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{N} = 14.01 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{H} = 1.01 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{F} = 19.00 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Molar mass of } \text{NH}_4\text{F} = 14.01 + 4 \cdot 1.01 + 19.00 = 37.05 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

- Molar mass of [tex]\( \text{N}_2\text{O} \)[/tex].

[tex]\[ \text{N} = 14.01 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{O} = 16.00 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Molar mass of } \text{N}_2\text{O} = 2 \cdot 14.01 + 16.00 = 44.02 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

Step 3. Determine the limiting reactant.

Calculate the number of moles for each reactant.

- Moles of[tex]\( \text{Ca(NO}_3\text{)}_2 \).[/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Moles} = \frac{31.3 \, \text{g}}{164.10 \, \text{g/mol}} \approx 0.1908 \, \text{mol} \][/tex]

- Moles of[tex]\( \text{NH}_4\text{F} \):[/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Moles} = \frac{38.7 \, \text{g}}{37.05 \, \text{g/mol}} \approx 1.0451 \, \text{mol} \][/tex]

According to the balanced equation,[tex]\( \text{Ca(NO}_3\text{)}_2 \) and \( \text{NH}_4\text{F} \)[/tex] react in a 1:2 molar ratio. Therefore, [tex]\( \text{Ca(NO}_3\text{)}_2 \)[/tex] is the limiting reactant because it produces fewer moles of products compared to [tex]\( \text{NH}_4\text{F} \).[/tex]

Step 4. Calculate the mass of [tex]\( \text{N}_2\text{O} \)[/tex] produced.

From the balanced equation,[tex]\( 1 \) mole of \( \text{Ca(NO}_3\text{)}_2 \) produces \( 1 \) mole of \( \text{N}_2\text{O} \).[/tex]

- Moles of [tex]\( \text{N}_2\text{O} \)[/tex] produced.

[tex]\[ \text{Moles} = 0.1908 \, \text{mol} \][/tex]

- Mass of [tex]\( \text{N}_2\text{O} \).[/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Mass} = \text{Moles} \times \text{Molar mass of } \text{N}_2\text{O} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Mass} = 0.1908 \, \text{mol} \times 44.02 \, \text{g/mol} \][/tex]

[tex]\[ \text{Mass} = 8.39 \, \text{g} \][/tex]

Answer:

Explanation:

  Iso-electronic species have same number of electrons . Positive charged ions will have smaller size . As electrons add , size increases due to electronic repulsion .

Following species are isoelectronic .

Al³⁺ < Mg²⁺ < Na¹⁺ < Ne < F⁻¹ < O⁻² < N⁻³

Final answer:

The order of increasing size for isoelectronic ions from 3+ to 3- is Al³⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Ne, F−, O²−, to N³−, with the smallest ions having the greatest nuclear charge.

Explanation:

When placing isoelectronic ions in order of increasing size, you must consider the nuclear charge. The sizes of these ions decrease smoothly from N³− to Al³⁺. All these ions have an identical configuration of 10 electrons occupying the 1s, 2s, and 2p orbitals. However, their nuclear charges vary, with nitrogen having a +7 nuclear charge and aluminum a +13 nuclear charge.

For isoelectronic species, a greater positive charge of the nucleus leads to a stronger electrostatic attraction between the electrons and the nucleus, resulting in a smaller ionic radius. Consequently, the ion with the highest nuclear charge (Al³⁺) is the smallest due to the strongest electrostatic attraction pulling the electrons closer to the nucleus. Conversely, the ion with the lowest nuclear charge (N³−) is the largest since the electrostatic attraction is the weakest.

The order of ions by increasing size, thereby, is Al³⁺ < Mg²⁺ < Na⁺ < Ne < F− < O²− < N³−.

Answer:

D

Explanation: In order to separate liquids with similar boiling points,theoretical plates are the ones that must be maximized because two liquids would be at equilibrium with all properties being the same

To separate liquids with similar boiling points effectively, one needs to maximize the number of theoretical plates in the distillation process. Each theoretical plate represents a vaporization-condensation cycle, refining the separation and increasing the purity of the distillate.

The key to separating liquids with similar boiling points is to maximize the number of theoretical plates. Theoretical plates are a concept used to describe the efficiency of the distillation process. Each theoretical plate represents a single vaporization-condensation cycle, where the composition of the vapor becomes richer in the more volatile component. For compounds with boiling points close to each other, multiple theoretical plates are needed to achieve high purity in the distillation product. The greater the number of theoretical plates in a distillation column, the more refined the separation process can be, allowing for a more effective separation of components with similar boiling points.

For example, if we distill a mixture with components having a small difference in boiling points, with enough theoretical plates, the more volatile component vaporizes first and, upon condensation, can be collected separately from the less volatile component. Using Raoult's law, we can predict the composition of the vapor and liquid at each stage and design the distillation process accordingly to optimize the number of theoretical plates and, in turn, the purity of the distillate.

Answer:

(a) Which hazards are associated with copper(II) sulfate?

(b) What actions should you take if you spill copper(II) sulfate solution on yourself?

(c) What clothing is appropriate for the laboratory?

Explanation:

Copper sulfate (ii) is a toxic compound by ingestion. Irritant in prolonged skin contact.

In case of skin contact, contaminated clothing and shoes should be removed, wash the affected areas with soap and large amounts of water. Seek medical assistance.

The shoe is recommended that this be completely closed, since if any substance falls do not burn the feet, and comfortable to perform the practice in the best way.

The clothes to be used in a laboratory should cover as much skin as possible, in addition it is necessary to use a cotton lab coat, long sleeve and that reaches the knees.

Copper II sulfate is a toxic irritant, if ever your skin comes in contact with it flush the affected area with water.

In labs, there are many chemicals that can harm the student while haphazardly handling them.

For example - Copper II sulfate is a toxic irritant, if ever your skin comes in contact with it flush the affected area with water.

The students should wear full sleeve shirts, overlapping with pants and shoes that cover the ankle and toe.

Therefore, Copper II sulfate is a toxic irritant, if ever your skin comes in contact with it flush the affected area with water.

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Answer:

The answer to this question is

The lattice energy of the salt AB is ≅ -2600 kJ/mol rounded to three significant figures

Explanation:

To solve this we list out the known variables and the required unkown, then we look for the appropriate relation between the known and the unknown thus

Lattice energy of KI = -649 kJ/mol

Latice energy of salt AB = unknown

Charge on A²⁺ =+2

Charge on B²⁻ = -2

radius of A²⁺ = radius of K⁺

radius of B²⁻ = radius  of I⁻

the Born-Lande equation for lattice energies is as follows

[tex]E=-\frac{N_{A} Mz^{+}z^{-} e^{2} }{4\pi e_{0} r_{0} } (1-\frac{1}{n})[/tex]

[tex]E=-\frac{N_{A} M e^{2} }{4\pi e_{0} } (1-\frac{1}{n})\frac{|z|^{+}|z|^{-}}{r_{0}}[/tex]

Where to the above question, the following terms are important

z+ =  positive ion charge

z− = negative ion charge

r₀ → distance between the positive and the negative ions;

Taking all variables of KI and AB as identical we have.

[tex]E=-\frac{N_{A} M e^{2} }{4\pi e_{0} } (1-\frac{1}{n})\frac{|z|^{+}|z|^{-}}{r_{0}}[/tex]

[tex]E=CONSTANT\frac{|z|^{+}|z|^{-}}{r_{0}}[/tex]

Where radius of A²⁺ = radius of K⁺ and

radius of B²⁻ = radius  of I⁻ = r₀

we have

[tex]E_{AB} = E_{KI} (|z|^{+} |z|^{-} )[/tex]

As for AB z⁺ = +2 and z⁻ = -2 we have

[tex]E_{AB} = E_{KI} (|+2|^{+} |-2|^{-} ) = 4E_{KI}[/tex]

= 4 ×(-649 kJ/mol) = -2596 kJ/mol

[tex]E_{AB}[/tex] ≅ -2600 kJ/mol rounded to three significant figures

The lattice energy of [tex]AB[/tex][tex]=-2596 \ kJ/mol.[/tex]

[tex]\Delta H_{Lattice}=\frac{C\left ( z^{+} \right )\left ( z^{-} \right )}{R_{o}}[/tex]

where,

c=constant

[tex]( z^{+} \right) )\left, ( z^{-} \right )}[/tex]= Charges on ions.

[tex]{R_{o}}[/tex]= Interionic distance (radius of cation+anion).

From the lattice energy formula, we know that lattice energy is directly proportional to the charge of the ions and inversely proportional to the radius of the ions.

In the given question charge of the ions doubled so lattice energy will be increased four-fold.

The lattice energy of AB[tex]=Lattice \ energy \ of \ kl\times4[/tex]

                                       [tex]=-649\times4[/tex]

The lattice energy of [tex]AB[/tex][tex]=-2596 \ kJ/mol.[/tex]

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Reactions (1), (2), (3) and (4) are classified as acid-base, double replacement, combustion, and both double replacement and precipitation reactions respectively.

The reactions can be classified as follows:

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Explanation:

The point of difference between metals and non metals are as follows -

Metals -

Metals are malleable in nature , so can be beaten into thin sheets .

Non - metals -

Non - metals are brittle in nature , so when beaten , it can be powdered .

Metals -

Metals have one to three electrons in the very outer most shell .

Non - metals -  

Non - metals have four to eight electrons in the very outer most shell .

Metals -

Metals are lustrous in appearance .

Non - metals -

Non - metals re not lustrous in appearance .

Answer:

MW = 24,097 g/mol

Explanation:

The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the equation:

πV = nRT

where π is the osmotic pressure, V is the volume, R is the gas constant 0.08205 Latm/kmol , and T is the temperature.

n , the number of moles is equal to m/MW, substituting into the equation:

πV = ( mass/MW ) RT

MW = mass x R x T / ( πV  )

V is given by the density of solution assumed to be that of water:

d = m/v ⇒ v= m/d = 5.00 g / 1 g/mL = 5.00 mL

The volume we need to convert to liters for units consistency in the metric system:

5.00 mL x 1 L / 1000 mL = 5 x 10⁻³ L

solving for

MW = 0.891 g x 0.08205 Latm/Kmol x ( 22 + 273 )K / (0.179 atm x 5 x 10⁻³ L )

= 24,097 g/mol

Answer :

(a) n = 4, l = 2

At l = 2,  [tex]m_l=+2,+1,0,-1,-2[/tex]

Number of orbitals = 5

(b) n = 5, l = 1

At l = 1,  [tex]m_l=+1,0,-1[/tex]

Number of orbitals = 3

(c) n = 6, l = 3

At l = 3,  [tex]m_l=+3,+2,+1,0,-1,-2,-3[/tex]

Number of orbitals = 7

Explanation:

There are 4 quantum numbers :

Principle Quantum Numbers : It describes the size of the orbital. It is represented by n. n = 1,2,3,4....

Azimuthal Quantum Number : It describes the shape of the orbital. It is represented as 'l'. The value of l ranges from 0 to (n-1). For l = 0,1,2,3... the orbitals are s, p, d, f...

Magnetic Quantum Number : It describes the orientation of the orbitals. It is represented as m_l. The value of this quantum number ranges from [tex](-l\text{ to }+l)[/tex]. When l = 2, the value of [tex]m_l[/tex] will be -2, -1, 0, +1, +2.

Spin Quantum number : It describes the direction of electron spin. This is represented as [tex]m_s[/tex]The value of this is [tex]+\frac{1}{2}[/tex] for upward spin and [tex]-\frac{1}{2}[/tex] for downward spin.

(a) n = 4, l = 2

At l = 2,  [tex]m_l=+2,+1,0,-1,-2[/tex]

Number of orbitals = 5

(b) n = 5, l = 1

At l = 1,  [tex]m_l=+1,0,-1[/tex]

Number of orbitals = 3

(c) n = 6, l = 3

At l = 3,  [tex]m_l=+3,+2,+1,0,-1,-2,-3[/tex]

Number of orbitals = 7

The question is incomplete. The complete question is:

A certain molecular compound M has a solubility in acetone of 0.737g/mL at 10.°C .Calculate the mass of M that's dissolved in 9.0 L of a saturated solution of M in acetone at this temperature.

Be sure your answer has the correct unit symbol and number of significant digits.

Answer: 6633 g of M is dissolved in 9.0 L of saturated solution in hexane at this temperature.

Explanation:

Given : 0.737g of solute is present in 1ml of solution

i.e 1ml of solution contains = 0.737 g of solute

Thus 9L or 9000ml of solution contains=[tex]\frac{0.737g}{1ml}\times 9000ml=6633g[/tex]

Thus 6633 g of M is dissolved in 9.0 L of saturated solution in hexane at this temperature.

Answer:

5g ($120)

Explanation:

The amount of chemical needed for assay is 3 ml of 250 mM solution of a chemical

Molarity (M) = number of moles / volume in L

number of mole = M × volume in L

M of the chemical = 250 mM = 250 / 1000 = 0.25 M

number of moles = 0.25 × ( 3 / 1000) in L = 0.00075 m

mass of the chemical needed = 0.00075 × molar mass = 0.00075 × 156 = 0.117 g for each assay.

mass needed for 40 assay = 40 × 0.117 = 4.68 g

It is therefore wise for him to buy the 5 g ( $ 120), though the 10 g and 25 g yields better prices per gram, they much more than what he needed for the assay.

Answer :

'n' specifies  → (B) The energy and average distance from the nucleus.

'l' specifies   → (C) The subshell orbital shape.

'ml' specifies → (A) The orbital orientation.

Explanation :

Principle Quantum Numbers : It describes the size of the orbital. It is represented by n. n = 1,2,3,4....

Azimuthal Quantum Number : It describes the shape of the orbital. It is represented as 'l'. The value of l ranges from 0 to (n-1). For l = 0,1,2,3... the orbitals are s, p, d, f...

Magnetic Quantum Number : It describes the orientation of the orbitals. It is represented as [tex]m_l[/tex]. The value of this quantum number ranges from [tex](-l\text{ to }+l)[/tex]. When l = 2, the value of

Spin Quantum number : It describes the direction of electron spin. This is represented as [tex]m_s[/tex]. The value of this is [tex]+\frac{1}{2}[/tex] for upward spin and [tex]-\frac{1}{2}[/tex] for downward spin.

As per question we conclude that,

'n' specifies  → The energy and average distance from the nucleus.

'l' specifies   → The subshell orbital shape.

'ml' specifies → The orbital orientation.

The Schrödinger wave equation for a hydrogen atom uses three quantum numbers to characterize wave functions, or orbitals, of an electron. The principal quantum number 'n' indicates the energy and average distance from the nucleus, the azimuthal or orbital quantum 'l' represents the shape of the orbital, and the magnetic quantum number 'ml' describes the orientation of the orbital.

The solution of the Schrödinger wave equation for the hydrogen atom leads to the development of wave functions, also known as orbitals, that specify the behavior of the electron. Each of the wave functions or orbitals are defined by three quantum numbers: n, l, and ml.

In summary, the quantum numbers describe the discrete states that an electron can occupy in a hydrogen atom and provide the physical significance for the electron's behavior within the atom based on the Schrödinger equation.

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Answer:

The volume of the gas is 8.37 L

Explanation:

Step 1: Data given

Temperature = 12.0 °C

Moles sulfur hexafluoride gas = 358 mmol = 0.358 mol

Pressure = 1 atm

Step 2: Calculate volume

p*V = n*R*T

⇒ with p = the pressure = 1 atm

⇒ with V = The volume = TO BE DETERMINED

⇒ with n = moles of sulfur hexafluoride gas

⇒ with R = the gas constanr = 0.08206 L*atm/mol*K

⇒ with T = The temperature = 12.0 °C = 285 K

V = (n*R*T)/p

V = ( 0.358 * 0.08206 * 285) / 1

V = 8.37 L

The volume of the gas is 8.37 L

Final answer:

Using the ideal gas law, we calculate the volume of sulfur hexafluoride gas at 12.0 °C and 1 atm pressure as 8.378 L, after converting the given moles and temperature to the appropriate units.

Explanation:

To calculate the volume of sulfur hexafluoride gas evolved at 12.0 °C and 1 atm pressure, we can use the ideal gas law, which relates the number of moles (n) of a gas to its volume (V) at a specific temperature (T) and pressure (P): PV = nRT, where R is the ideal gas constant. Here, we know n = 358 mmol, which we convert to 0.358 mol. The temperature must be in Kelvin; therefore, we add 273.15 to the Celsius temperature: 12.0 + 273.15 = 285.15 K. Using R = 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K, we can solve for V.

Calculation: V = nRT/P
V = (0.358 mol)(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(285.15 K) / (1 atm)
V = 8.378 L (rounded to three significant digits)

The volume of sulfur hexafluoride gas collected at these conditions is 8.378 L.

Answer: The annual emission rate of SO2 is 1.08 × [tex]10^{7}[/tex] kg/yr

Explanation:

i.e., 4.4/100 × 8.02 = 0.353 kg/s. Which is equivalent to the rate at which the sulphur is been burnt.

  = 97.20/100 × 0.353 kg/s.

  = 0.343 kg/s.

1 kg/s = 1 kg/s × (60 × 60 × 24 × 365) s/yr

1 kg/s = 31536000 kg/yr

     = 10816848 kg/yr

     = 1.08 × 10^7 kg/yryr.

Answer: Precision means that measurements are close to each other . Accuracy means that measurements are close to accepted value

Explanation:

Precision refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other.  

For Example: If we weigh a given substance five times and you get 5.0 kg each time. Then the measurement is very precise.

Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value.

For Example: If the mass of a substance is 5.0 kg and one person weighed 4.9 kg and another person weighed 3.9 kg. Then, the weight measured by first person is more accurate.

Thus Precision means that measurements are close to each other . Accuracy means that measurements are close to accepted value.

Precision in measurements means the values are close to each other, indicating consistency or reproducibility. Accuracy describes how close a measurement is to the correct or true value. For the best scientific outcomes, both high precision and high accuracy are desired.

When discussing measurements in scientific terms, precision and accuracy are two critical concepts that often get confused. Precision means that measurements are close to each other. It refers to the consistency of repeated measurements. On the other hand, accuracy means that measurements are close to an accepted value, which is the correct or true value of the quantity being measured.

For example, in archery, if several arrows hit close to each other but not near the target's center, the shots are precise but not accurate. Conversely, if an arrow hits the center of the target, it's considered accurate, especially if repeated shots hit the same spot, which would show both accuracy and precision.

The aim in scientific measurement is to achieve both high precision and high accuracy, thereby ensuring that measurements not only agree with each other but also with the true or accepted value. However, a measurement instrument can sometimes have one without the other. It's possible to have a set of measurements that are very close to each other (precise) but far from the correct value (inaccurate), or to have a measurement that is very close to the correct value (accurate) but when repeated fluctuates significantly (imprecise).

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Answer: 999851 Joules of energy is needed to evaporate the sweat that is produced

Explanation:

Latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to convert 1 gram of liquid water to gaseous form at its boiling point.

Given:  The heat of vaporization for water is 2257 J/g.

Thus if for 1 g , the heat required is = 2257 J

For 443 g , heat required is =[tex]\frac{2257}{1}\times 443=999851J[/tex]

Thus 999851 Joules of energy is needed to evaporate the sweat that is produced

To calculate the energy required to evaporate the sweat produced during exercise, we multiply the mass of the sweat (443 g) by the heat of vaporization for water (2257 J/g). The result is approximately 999,791 Joules.

To calculate the amount of energy required to evaporate the sweat that an athlete produces during exercise, we can use the formula energy = mass × heat of vaporization. Given that the heat of vaporization for water is 2257 J/g and the average sweat loss is approximately 443 g, we can substitute these values into the formula: energy = 443 g × 2257 J/g = 999791 J. So, on average, an athlete needs about 999,791 Joules of energy to evaporate the sweat produced in an hour of exercise.

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Answer:

pH = 5.2

Explanation:

pH of a solution is defined as the concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution. It is also the negative logarithmic value of the concentration of hydrogen ion. It determines the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

HA(aq) + H2O(l) --> A-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

pH = -log[H3O+]

= - log [6.3 x 10-6]

= 5.200

Answer:

Here's how I would do it.

Explanation:

A Lewis structure shows the valence electrons surrounding the atoms.

1. Identify the central atoms

The central atoms are the least electronegative atoms (C).

I chose as my central atoms a chain of four C atoms: C-C-C-C

I stuck the most electronegative atom (O) at the end of the chain:

C-C-C-C-O

2. Complete the structure

The hydrogen atoms must be terminal. Add enough to give every atom an octet.

You should get a structure like the one below

The Lewis structure for an isomer of C3H8O (like propanol) represents the atomic structure of the compound, including each atom and its valence electrons. Bonds are formed from the valence electrons and arranged around the carbon atoms enabling one to visualize the molecular structure.

The Lewis structure for the isomer of C3H8O (propanol as an example) is a visual representation of the compound's atomic structure. It entails representing each atom and its valence electrons. By arranging the atoms in a molecule, we can then place the bonding and lone pair electrons. In propanol, the three carbon (C) atoms are aligned with one end bonded to a hydrogen (H) atom and the other end to an oxygen (O) atom. The oxygen atom is then also bonded to a hydrogen atom.

C-C-C-O-H

The remaining hydrogen atoms are evenly distributed around the carbon atoms and are bound to the carbon atoms. As a result, each carbon atom forms four bonds, oxygen forms two bonds and bears two lone pairs, and each hydrogen atom forms a single bond.

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Answer: 47.34%

Explanation:

Mass of anhydrous salt = 160.167g/mol

Mass of the hydrate salt = 160.167 + 8(18)

160.167 + 144 = 304.167g

% Mass of water in the hydrate salt =

(144/304.167) x 100 = 47.34%

To find the mass percent of water in the hydrated salt, the total mass of 8 moles of water is calculated then added to the molar mass of the anhydrous salt. This sum is used to find the mass percent by dividing the mass of water by the total mass of the hydrated salt and multiplying by 100, yielding a mass percent of 47.358% after rounding to three decimals.

To calculate the mass percent of water in the hydrated salt, we need to know the molar mass of water and the molar mass of the hydrated salt. Given that the molar mass of water (H2O) is approximately 18.015 g/mol, we can determine the total mass of 8 moles of water by multiplying this number by 8. This gives us 8 * 18.015 g/mol = 144.12 g/mol. The molar mass of the hydrated salt is then the sum of the molar mass of the anhydrous salt and the mass of the 8 moles of water, which is 160.167 g/mol + 144.12 g/mol = 304.287 g/mol.

Next, we calculate the percent by mass of water in the hydrated salt:

Percent by mass of water = (mass of water / mass of hydrated salt) * 100%

Percent by mass of water = (144.12 g/mol / 304.287 g/mol) * 100%

Percent by mass of water = 47.358%

Rounded to three decimal places, the mass percent of water in the hydrated salt is 47.358%.

Answer:Salt

Explanation:

In chemistry a salt is produced from a neutralization reaction, when an acid react with a base.

HCl(aq) + NaOH (aq) ----> NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)

A salt consists of the positive ion (cation) of an acid and the negative ion (anion) of a base.

H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) -------> Na+Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)

When the water is evaporated, the negatively charged chlorine ions combine with the positively charged sodium ions to form a solid salt.

An Ionic Compound is a substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds. They are typically created when metals transfer electrons to non-metals. Sodium Chloride is a common example.

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called an Ionic Compound. These are usually formed when metals transfer electrons to non-metals, resulting in the creation of ions which are attracted to each other due to their opposite charges. They are known for high melting and boiling points as well as their ability to conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted. Sodium Chloride, or table salt, is a common example of an ionic compound.

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Answer:

[tex]t=0.012\ min[/tex]

Explanation:

Using integrated rate law for first order kinetics as:

[tex][A_t]=[A_0]e^{-kt}[/tex]

Where,  

[tex][A_t][/tex] is the concentration at time t

[tex][A_0][/tex] is the initial concentration

Given that:

The rate constant, k = 0.0642 s⁻¹

Initial concentration [tex][A_0][/tex] = 0.502 mol/L

Final concentration [tex][A_t][/tex] = 0.479 mol/L

Time = ?

Applying in the above equation, we get that:-

[tex]0.479=0.502e^{-0.0642\times t}[/tex]

[tex]e^{-0.0642t}=\frac{0.479}{0.502}[/tex]

[tex]t=-\frac{\ln \left(\frac{0.479}{0.502}\right)}{0.0642}[/tex]

[tex]t=0.731\ sec[/tex]

Also, 1 sec = 1/60 min

So, [tex]t=0.012\ min[/tex]

Final answer:

Using the first-order rate law equation and the provided rate constant, it will take approximately 0.012 minutes (rounded to three decimal places) until the concentration of the compound decreases from 0.502 mol/L to 0.479 mol/L.

Explanation:

To find out how long it will take until 0.479 mol/L of the compound is left, given that the initial concentration is 0.502 mol/L and the rate constant is 0.0642 sec⁻¹, we need to use the first-order rate law equation, which is given by:

ln([A]t/[A]0) = -kt

Where: t is the time

Plugging in the values we have:

ln(0.479/0.502) = -0.0642 * t

The calculation would proceed as follows:

ln(0.479/0.502) = -0.0642 * t

ln(0.9545) = -0.0642 * t

-0.0465 = -0.0642 * t

t = 0.0465 / 0.0642

t ≈ 0.724 sec

To convert seconds to minutes, divide by 60:

t ≈ 0.724 sec / 60

t ≈ 0.012 min

Rounding up to three decimal places, the time t will be 0.012 min.

Answer:

(a) Rb

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^63d^{10}4s^24p^65s^1[/tex]

(b) Ge

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^63d^{10}4s^24p^2[/tex]

(c) Ar

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6[/tex]

Explanation:

(a) Rb

Atomic number = 37

The electronic configuration is -  

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^63d^{10}4s^24p^65s^1[/tex]

(b) Ge

Atomic number = 32

The electronic configuration is -  

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^63d^{10}4s^24p^2[/tex]

(c) Ar

Atomic number- 18

The electronic configuration is -  

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6[/tex]

Answer:

c. 0.57 atm

Explanation:

For the equilibrium:

Br₂(g)    +    Cl₂(g)      ⇄    2BrCl (g)

Let construct the ICE table for this reaction.

                            Br₂(g)          +           Cl₂(g)          ⇄           2BrCl (g)

Initial                     0                              0                                  1

Change                 +x                           +x                                - 2x

Final                      x                               x                                1 - 2x

[tex]K_p = 7[/tex]

[tex]K_p= \frac{[BrCl_2]^2}{[Br_2][Cl_2]}[/tex]

[tex]7 = \frac{[1-2x]^2}{[x][x]}[/tex]

[tex]7 = \frac{[1-2x]^2}{[x]^2}[/tex]

[tex]7x^2=(1-2x)(1-2x)[/tex]

[tex]7x^2=1-2x-2x+4x^2[/tex]

[tex]7x^2=1-4x+4x^2[/tex]

[tex]7x^2-4x^2=1-4x[/tex]

[tex]3x^2=1-4x[/tex]

[tex]3x^2+4x-1 = 0[/tex]      ----------(quadratic equation)

using the formula;

[tex]\frac{-b+/-\sqrt{b^2-4ac} }{2a}[/tex]

where ± represent +/-

a =3 ; b = 4 ; c = -1

[tex]\frac{-4+/-\sqrt{4^2-4(3)(1)} }{2*3}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{-4+/-\sqrt{16+12} }{6}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{-4+/-\sqrt{28} }{6}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{-4+\sqrt{28} }{6}[/tex]  or [tex]\frac{-4-\sqrt{28} }{6}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{-4+5.292}{6}[/tex] or [tex]\frac{-4-5.292}{6}[/tex]

x = 0.215 or -1.549

So, we chose the one with a positive integer which is = 0.215

BrCl = 1 - 2(x)

BrCl = 1 - 2(0.215)

BrCl = 1 - 0.43

BrCl = 0.57 atm

∴ the final (equilibrium) pressure of BrCl = 0.57 atm

The final equilibrium pressure of the reaction is 0.57 atm

Data;

Let's write the equation of reaction for this

          Br2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2 BrCl(g)

initial                                   1

final     x              x           (1 - 2x)

The equilibrium pressure (Kp) is given as

[tex]kp = \frac{[BrCl]^2}{Br_2][Cl_2]} \\7 = \frac{(1-2x)^2}{x^2} \\7x^2 = 1 + 4x^2 - 4x\\7x^2 - 4x^2 + 4x - 1 = 0\\3x^2 + 4x - 1 = 0[/tex]

We can solve the above quadratic equation to find the value of x

x = 0.215

Let's substitute this into the concentration of BrCl

[tex][BrCl] = 1-2x = 1 - 2(0.215)= 1 - 0.43 = 0.57[/tex]

The final equilibrium pressure of the reaction is 0.57 atm

Learn more on equilibrium pressure constant here;

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The ground-state electron configurations for Sc3+, Cr3+, Cu, and Au are [Ar], [Ar]18 3d3, [Ar]18 3d10 4s1, and [Xe]6s1 4f14 5d10 respectively. Electrons are removed from the 4s orbital first and then from 3d in transition metals.

The ground-state electron configurations of the transition metal ions are expressed as follows:

It's essential to remember that for transition metals, electrons are removed from the 4s orbital first and then from the 3d orbital.

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The ground-state electron configurations for Sc3+, Cr3+, Cu, and Au ions are [Ar], [Ar] 3d3, [Ar] 3d10, and [Xe] 4f14 5d9, respectively, with the higher energy electrons being removed first to form the ions.

To write the ground-state electron configurations of the given transition metal ions, we must understand how electrons are removed when forming an ion. For transition metals, electrons are removed from the s orbital before the d orbital. Now let's determine the electron configurations:

Answer:

The elements are Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb)

Explanation:

They are 4+ and 2+

For the 2+, this happens because of the loss of the outermost two P electrons and for the 4+, because of the loss of two electrons from the P orbital and another two electrons from the s-orbital.