Answer:
Generally, for excitatory post synaptic potential to be generated, positively charged ions e.g. Ca+ must diffuse through the ligand gated ion channels into the pre-synaptic neuron neuron ; while preventing the outflow of positively charged ions e.g K+ from the pre- synaptic membrane.
The influx of calcium ion causes migration in the pre- synaptic neuron of vesicles contain cholinergic excitatory neurotransmitters Acetycholine. This binds to the post -synaptic receptors for opening of ligand gated ion channels for Sodium ions . The influx of Sodium ions causes depolarization which if magnitude is up to threshold levels causes EPSPs.
Therefore, to increase the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated at a synapse;
Increasing the influx of positively charged Ca+ in the pre-synaptic neuron,while decreasing the ouflux of positively charged k+ ions; will increase number of acetycholine containing excitatory neurotransmitters vesicles migration to the pre-synaptic membrane, and therefore more acetycholine molecules diffusion into the synaptic membrane for binding with the post-synaptic receptors. This leads to opening of more sodium ion channels, for more depolarization and therefore increase in generation of EPSPs magnitude.
Explanation:
The magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated at a synapse can be increased by spatial summation.
The spatial summation refers to the phenomenon of eliciting action potentials in a neuron from multiple presynaptic cells.This process (spatial summation) involves the simultaneous stimulation of different (separated) neurons at the same time.Conversely, the temporal summation is the mechanism by which a presynaptic neuron releases many neurotransmitters that fire a given action potential.In conclusion, the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated at a synapse can be increased by spatial summation.
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Chlamydomonas, which is a chlorophyte, undergoes a ____________ life cycle common to algae. In favorable conditions, it reproduces ____________ via ____________ , while in unfavorable conditions, it reproduces ____________ , producing a zygospore which undergoes a period of dormancy until conditions improve.
Answer: (a) Haploid (b) asexually (c) mitosis (d) sexually.
Explanation: Chlamydomonas which is a chlorophyte, undergoes a Haploid life cycle common to algae. In favorable conditions, it reproduces Asexually via Mitosis, while in unfavorable conditions, it reproduces Sexually , producing a zygospore which undergoes a period of dormancy until improved conditions.
You observe continuous variation in tail length in a wild population of rats. Describe an experiment to determine whether this variation is an example of variable expressivity or continuous variation?
Answer:
When you grab a wild population of rats, you need to follow the scientific method as it is, and by doing that, you can discover if it is a variable expressivity or a continuous variation.
Explanation:
First, you need to check the species, to see their patterns of length of tail, because that's mostly what you want to know. After stablishing this pattern, you'll check the variability of their variation on different generations. For example, you pick up a rat that is aged a month, and a rat that is aged 3 months, and then compare them to one another. After you've done this lots of times, you can check if this variable is just a random one, or if it is continuous throughout the generations.
Archaeal genomes are typically organized as circular genomes. True or false
Answer:
Archaeal genomes are typically organized as circular genomes.
True
Explanation:
The genomes pf archael are arranged in circular form just like that of bacteria
The endosymbiotic theory states that nonphotosynthetic prokaryotes merged with an ancestral cell and, over evolutionary time, became___________. Some of these new cells engaged in a second merging event with a photosynthetic prokaryote, possibly a cyanobacterium. The photosynthetic prokaryote eventually—over evolutionary time—became __________.
Answer:
mitochondria, chloroplast
Explanation:
According to the endosymbiotic theory chloroplast and mitochondria in eukaryotes are originated from phagocytosis of different bacteria by an ancestral cell.
The theory says that an ancestral cell engulfed a non-photosynthetic bacteria and did not digest it but evolved with it which gave rise to mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.
This theory also tells that chloroplast is originated by the phagocytosis of a photosynthetic prokaryote like cyanobacteria by ancestral cell. The genetic similarities of these organelles with bacteria proves this theory.
Alonzo graduates with a 3.8 GPA in Accounting from a New York university and receives offers of employment from three of the Big Four accounting firms. While considering his options, a mid-sized firm in California calls and offers him twice the starting salary of his top offer. The only caveat is he needs to show up at the Los Angeles office within the next week to start work immediately. Alonzo excitedly decides to take the California job. He refuses the other employment offers, breaks his lease in New York, sells or gives away most of his possessions, buys a new car, and heads for L.A. the next day. When he arrives at the Los Angeles office three days later, the firm apologizes and informs Alonzo that the position is no longer available due to the loss of a major client.
Answer:
Yes
Explanation:
Remaining part of the question
Based on these facts, does alonzo have a potential claim against the accounting firm?
Solution
As per the theory of Promissory estoppel a promise made by an employer or entity to an individual/entity or any other subject even without any formal consideration cannot breach the promise on any basis including the any incident causing sudden crisis in organization.
The same happened with Alonzo and hence he can claim against his employer on the basis of Promissory estoppel theory.
The scenario is about law, specifically contract law and the concept of promissory estoppel. Alonzo took significant action based on a job offer that was later withdrawn, and thus may have a valid claim for compensation.
Explanation:The situation Alonzo faces can be categorized under contract law. In this particular case, it seems that Alonzo might have a valid claim for promissory estoppel, a legal principle that stops a party from going back on a promise that led another party to act on that promise, suffering damages as a result.
Here, the California firm made a promise to Alonzo (employment), which he relied on to make significant life changes. The California firm did not follow through on their promise, resulting in damages for Alonzo (relocation expenses, lost opportunities). If Alonzo can prove these points in a court of law, he may be able to successfully claim compensation for his losses.
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Answer:
"the genes on DNA get transcribed into RNA, which get translated into a protein"
Explanation:
The central dogma is an important principle to biology, explaining the flow of information from DNA to functions that the cell can carry out. The central dogma says DNA --> RNA --> protein. Proteins carry out most biological functions in cells and organisms.
Genes on DNA have to be copied into a message in the form of RNA. DNA and RNA use the same language, so the message is transcribed (i.e. copied). The RNA then takes this message to the protein synthesis machinery, which uses a different language. Therefore, the RNA has to be translated into protein sequences
Research by Yu and Fu (2011) found that approximately _____% of dreams are reported to involve sexual activity.
Answer: 12 per cent
Explanation:
The REM sleep is associated with the prolonged erections males and pelvic thrusting in the females.
It is not being pursued for further studies as a concern of the function of REM sleep. The Yu and Fu found that the sleep involves the dreams about sexual activity.
The desires and fantasy of the real life appears to be complete in the dreams and 12 per cent of the total population see these dreams.
The specified study by Yu and Fu (2011) does not provide an exact percentage of dreams that involve sexual activity. The frequency of such dreams varies greatly among individuals, influenced by factors like age, hormones, and personal experiences. It's universally agreed upon that sexual dreams are normal.
Explanation:Unfortunately, the study by Yu and Fu (2011) does not provide a specific percentage for how many dreams are reported to involve sexual activity.
It's important to note that the frequency of sexual dreams can vary significantly from one individual to another, and can be influenced by various factors such as age, hormonal levels, and personal experiences. Some estimates suggest that about 8% of dreams may have some sexual content, but this is not a consistent figure across all individuals and studies.
However, it is universally accepted that sexual dreams are a normal part of the human dreaming experience.
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A folding domain of a polypeptide chain has a primary structure containing 5 phenylalanine residues as shown below, where F represents the side chain of phenylalanine.
F F F
_|____|____|_
| |
F F
If this domain folds in one of the two orientations below, which is more likely - the one on the left or the one on the right?
Would all the side chains be inside a circle or would they be outside a circle?
a. The one on the left
b. The one on the right
b. The one on the right
They will be inside the circle.
Explanation:
Phenylalnine is an aromatic amino acid which is hydrophobic in nature.
It tends to get buried in the core of protein structure.
These phenylalanine residues isomerise to the favoured N and C terminus.
The phenylalanine residues will be inside the circle because they are hydrophobic in nature.
These residues will fold the one on the right, clockwise in the domain.
Final answer:
The correct answer is a. The one on the left
To determine which orientation of the folding domain is more likely and whether the side chains would be inside or outside a circle, we need to consider the hydrophobic interactions and steric hindrance.
Explanation:
In protein folding, hydrophobic residues tend to be buried in the interior of the protein to avoid contact with the surrounding aqueous environment, while hydrophilic residues tend to be exposed on the protein's surface. Phenylalanine (F) is a hydrophobic amino acid.
Given that there are 5 phenylalanine residues in the primary structure, the folding domain is likely to fold in a manner that maximizes the burial of these hydrophobic residues in the protein's interior. Therefore, the folding orientation that brings the phenylalanine residues closer together, allowing them to interact and form hydrophobic contacts, would be more favorable.
Looking at the two orientations provided:
The orientation on the left brings the phenylalanine residues closer together compared to the orientation on the right. In the left orientation, the phenylalanine residues are clustered together more tightly, facilitating stronger hydrophobic interactions.
In the left orientation, all the side chains would be inside a circle, as they are brought together in the interior of the protein to maximize hydrophobic interactions.
Therefore, the orientation on the left is more likely, and all the side chains would be inside a circle in this orientation.
So, the correct answer is a. The one on the left
If a student wanted to separate the colored pigments from a green leaf, the student would likely consider the separation technique of: a. crystallization b. chromatography c. filtering d. distillation
Answer:b
Explanation:because it separates green pigment from leafs
All of the following events occur during normal meiosis except _______. A. two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid cell B. one diploid cell produces four haploid cells homologous C. chromosomes separate from one another D. during meiosis I sister chromatids separate from one another during meiosis II
Answer:
A. two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid cell
Explanation:
Meiosis is a type of cell division. When a parent cell with "2n" chromosomes enters the process of meiosis, four daughter cells each with "n" chromosomes are formed. This occurs since homologous chromosomes separate from each other during anaphase-I. However, meiosis does not include the fusion of two haploid cells. The fusion of two haploid cells mainly occurs during the process of fertilization during which a haploid male gamete and a haploid female gamete fuse to form a diploid zygote.
All stated events occur in meiosis except the one stating that sister chromatids separate during Meiosis I. The separation of sister chromatids actually happens in Meiosis II, not Meiosis I.
Explanation:The process of meiosis involves several stages, each with distinct events. The main function of meiosis is to produce haploid gametes from a diploid cell. Specifically, one diploid cell divides to produce four haploid cells. Furthermore, chromosomes separate from each other which is a crucial event during meiosis.
However, the statement 'During meiosis I, sister chromatids separate from one another during meiosis II' is incorrect. In fact, the separation of sister chromatids occurs during anaphase of meiosis II, not meiosis I. Hence, all of the described events happen in the process of meiosis, except for sister chromatids separating during meiosis I.
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Different genes are activated in the blood cell than in the liver cell.
Explanation:
All the cells in the body contain the same number of genes and genetic material DNA but not all genes are expressed in a single cell.
The highly regulated process of the genes in molecular biology promotes the expression of particular gene required.
Signals from the cell environment activate the transcription factor that binds to regulatory regions of the gene, hence transcribing and making proteins for the same.
The genes for both blood cell and the liver are different but will be present in all the somatic cells, the regulatory mechanism will choose the required gene to be transcribed.
The primary source of the specificity of enzymes is ________. Select one: a. their locations within the cell b. their polarity, which matches that of their specific substrate c. their shape, which relates to the lock-and-key model d. their bonded transition metal, which is specific to the target substrate e. their delocalized electron cloud
Answer:
c. their shape, which relates to the lock-and-key model
Explanation:
The primary source of the specificity of enzymes is their shape, which relates to the lock-and-key model
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The primary source of the specificity of enzymes is their shape, which complies with the lock-and-key model, meaning the enzyme's three-dimensional structure is specifically matched to bind with its substrate.
The correct option is 'C'.
Enzymes are highly specific biomolecules that accelerate chemical reactions.
This specificity comes from the unique three-dimensional shape of the enzyme's active site, which is complementary to the structure of its specific substrate.
According to the lock-and-key model, the molecular shapes of the active site and the substrate are perfect matches, akin to a key fitting into a lock. This model emphasizes that the enzyme's structure is tailor-made to bind to its specific substrate, facilitating the chemical reaction.
Furthermore, the induced fit hypothesis suggests that while enzymes have a precise shape, they can also adjust slightly to ensure the perfect fit with the substrate, enhancing the enzyme's catalytic efficiency.
Kafka provides many details about how Gregor interacts with his parents. Based on these details, what can you infer about Gregor’s relationship with his mother and father? Use text evidence to support your inferences.
Answer:
Gregor's mother enquired, "Didn't you want to go somewhere" (line 89) rather than indicate that he's not early for work. Gregor's father called to the attention of how his son "sits with us in the kitchen and just reads the paper or studies train timetables" (lines 247-248), revealing how Gregor does not relate with his family. Gregor is not close to his parents.
Answer:
Gregor’s mother disapproves of her daughter’s selfish desire to alter Gregor’s bedroom.
Explanation:
Then, quietly, almost whispering as if wanting Gregor (whose whereabouts she did not know) to hear not even the tone of her voice, as she was convinced that he did not understand her words, she added “and by taking the furniture away, won’t it seem like we’re showing that we’ve given up all hope of improvement and we’re abandoning him to cope for himself? I think it’d be best to leave the room exactly the way it was before so that when Gregor comes back to us again he’ll find everything unchanged and he'll be able to forget the time in between all the easier.” ("The Metamorphosis," Part I, p. 9)
_____ genetics uses advanced technology to actually manipulate genes in order to determine their effect on behavior.
Answer:
The correct answer is - molecular genetics.
Explanation:
Molecular genetics is the subfield or the branch of the genetics that dealing with the manipulation of the organism at the molecular level which is a gene or genetic material with the help of the advanced technology.
It is an investigating approach that helps in determining the effect of the genes or genetic material that is manipulated on the behavior of the organism.
Thus, the correct answer is - molecular genetics.
17. According to the Mohs Hardness Scale, what's the approximate hardness of topaz?
A. 8
B. 10
C.9
D.7
Answer: (A) the answer is 8
Explanation:topaz on the scale is no 8, followed by corundum no 9 and then diamond which is the hardest on no 10
Which statement about biological literacy is inaccurate? A.The ability to communicate ideas about biology to others is a component of biological literacy. B.Biological literacy is the ability to integrate ideas about biology into making wise decisions for oneself. Biological literacy is the ability to integrate ideas about biology into making wise decisions for society. C.Assuming that all bacteria can infect you because your mother told you so is an example of biological literacy. D.Using the process of scientific inquiry to think creatively about real-world issues that have a biological aspect is a component of biological literacy.
Answer:
Which statement about biological literacy is inaccurate?
Assuming that all bacteria can infect you because your mother told you so is an example of biological literacy
Explanation:
This not accurate as regards biology as science does not give room for guessing or assumptions, every hypothesis must have passed through rigorous processes such as observation, experiment, criticism, validation before they are either accepted or rejected in science. So the Assumption that all bacteria can infect you because your mother told you so is an example of biological literacy is not just an illusion but also a mockery of science. Every scientific studies must be validated before being published for the general public.
Which one of these biomes is known for: - high temperature - high precipitation - lots of biodiversity - high rate of primary productivity
Answer:
Option C
Explanation:
Options for the question are -
a) Grassland
b) Tundra
c) Tropical Rain forest
d) Temperate
Solution -
Tropical rainforest also known as tropical wet forest and have higher rate of primary productivity as compared to any other biome because of the following reasons-
a) It has high precipitation which makes it an ideal place for plant communities.
b) It has adequate annual temperature
c) It has a year round growing season which fuel the plants growth
All these factors are not present altogether in any on the biome due to which the productivity and diversity of tropical biome is higher
Hence, option C is correct
In the plant kingdom, all the different species are descended from a single common ancestor. What is the correct term that describes this type of lineage?
Answer:
yes
Explanation:
lol, lol
Some humans have genes that make them resistant to infection by HIV. Would human populations likely evolve differently in areas of the world where HIV infection rates are high?
Answer:
Yes, the population can evolve differently with resistance gene to the HIV
Explanation:
AIDS is a deadly disease caused by the Human immunodeficiency virus. The HIV infection ultimately results in the death of the host and the cases are increasing every year.
If in the population of the area affected with the HIV AIDS develop some resistant gene to the disease, therefore, the resistant gene will be passed on to the generation and the population will evolve differently as a measure or response of adaptation and natural selection.
The case of sickle cell anaemia with modified shapes of red blood cell in the population of Africa, a resistance mechanism to malaria can act as evidence to the HIV case.
Thus, Yes, the population can evolve differently with resistance gene to HIV is the correct answer.
The situation in which some individuals have greater reproductive success than other individuals in a population. Along with variation and heritability, it is one of the three conditions necessary for evolution by natural selection.
Answer:
The situation in which some individuals have greater reproductive success than other individuals in a population. Along with variation and heritability, it is one of the three conditions necessary for evolution by natural selection.
There are so many factors that contributed to this over time, reproductive success differs and it could be attributed to hereditary and variation as well. Most often, the hereditary plays the most role out of all as the viability of both eggs and sperms could have been inherited from parents or being affected as a result of environmental factor or nutrition or other factors.
For instance, if one has a rhesus factor of negative and went ahead to marry another male counterpart with negative rhesus factor, this sedomly leads to miscarriage which could have been controlled had it been they were thoroughly counseled. Furthermore, physical factor such as accident could damage one spermatical vessicles that houses the sperm cells which render such an individual to be unable to donate a viable sperm cell for reproduction.
Those with high rate of reproductive success thrives as result of having many offspring which increases their chances of having more offspring than those with little success rate.
Explanation:
Marginal benefit is A. the difference between the highest price a consumer is willing to pay and the price the consumer actually pays. B. the additional benefit from consuming one more unit. C. the additional cost of producing one more unit. D. a legally determined maximum price that sellers may charge. Why is the demand curve referred to as a marginal benefit curve? A. It shows the price consumers actually pay to consume a product. B. It shows the difference between the highest price a consumer is willing to pay and the lowest price a firm would be willing to accept. C. It shows the difference between the highest price a consumer is willing to pay and the marginal benefit of consumption. D. It shows the willingness of firms to supply a product at different prices. E. It shows the willingness of consumers to purchase a product at different prices.
Answer:
Marginal Benefit : B. the additional benefit from consuming one more unit.
Demand Curve = Marginal Benefit Curve as : E. It shows the willingness of consumers to purchase a product at different prices.
Explanation:
Benefit is the rise in satisfaction from consumption. Marginal Benefit is the additional benefit from consuming an additional unit. So, it is addition to satisfaction with an additional consumption i.e Marginal Utility (MU).
Consumer purchases a good only if : Its marginal benefit i.e MU ≥ its marginal cost i,e price. As MU < Price implies additional benefit < additional cost, & consumer will not consume at this point.
So, Marginal Utility/ Marginal Benefit reflects consumer's willingness to pay for a good's consumption. Hence, Demand Curve is also called Marginal Benefit Curve.
The practice of behaviors and lifestyle choices that promote both physical and mental health is called ________.
Answer: Wellness
Explanation:
Wellness is an active process of practice behaviors and lifestyle choices that promote both physical and mental health. Wellness involves the practice of becoming aware of and making choices toward a healthy and fulfilling life. Wellness is more than being free from illness. it is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Maintaining an optimal level of wellness is absolutely crucial to live a higher quality life. Wellness matters.
Answer:
wellness
Explanation:
What is the most common type of skin cancer, which results in the formation of a nodule with a central "crater" that ulcerates?
Answer:
Basal cell carcinoma
Explanation:
Basal cell carcinoma is a common type of skin cancer,it appears as raised part in the skin that is painless with shiny blood vessel running over it or may be ulcerative
Answer:
Basal cell carcinoma. (BCC) .
This occurs when exposure of the skin to ultraviolet rays damaged the DNA of the exposed area by forming thymine dimer. Besides the UV exposure may also suppress the hormone surveillance mechanism ;enabling the tumour cells in the basal cells to escape the immune surveillance radar, leading to cancer growth.
Thymine dimers are formed when two thymine molecules formed a complex by co-valent bond on the same single strand of DNA. They lead to mutation when their complex is replicated as a base, leading to frameshift mutation.
Exposure to radiation especially during childhood stage, having light skin, indoor tanning (which may prompt uncontrolled growth in the basal Cells) are among other causative factors.
Its appearances vary in structure,and skin pigmentation. it does not in most cases extend beyond the local areas. However if not given proper treatment attention it may disfigure the skin,causing massive damages by growing deep into the dermis to reach the blood through the subcutaneous tissue to the bone. It may also metastasize,(spread) causing cancerous growth in other parts of the body .
Treatment involve surgical removal.
Explanation:
If a peptide was composed entirely of alpha-helical structure and found to contain an integer number of complete turns, which of the following would be a possible number of amino acid residues in the peptide?
A) 36
B) 60
C) 20
D) 32
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The possible number of amino acid residues in the peptide composed entirely of alpha-helical structure and found to contain an integer number of complete turns is 36
Which of the following is a correct application of one of Darwin's postulates to the Galapagos finch data from Case Study #2?
A. All the birds, no matter their beak size, were equally likely to survive during the drought.
B. Variation in beak size was present in the population of finches prior to the start of the study.
C. Beak size is not a heritable trait.
D. All the birds, no matter their beak size, were likely to have the same number of offspring during the drought.
Answer:
B. Variation in beak size was present in the population of finches prior to the start of the study
Explanation:
Hello! Charles Darwin arrived in the Galapagos Islands in 1835 and noticed that the finches had a different peak. This difference he observed in birds was what made him think that the species were not stable, but that they changed their physical characteristics to adapt to the pressures of the environment
Neurospora crassa was one of the first eukaryotic microbes to be adopted by geneticists as a model organism. It is a haploid fungus (n = 7) found growing on dead vegetation. When an assexual spore germinates, it produces a tubular structure that extends rapidy by tip growth, and throws off multiple side branches. The result is a mass of branched threads called hyphae, which consitute a colony. a) Give two reasons why Neurospora crassa lends itself well to its use as a model organism. b) Two albino strains of Neurospora crassa were isolated. When either one was mated with wild type (pink), it produced ½ albino and ½ wild-type. What can you deduce about the mutations on each of the albino strains? Your Answer:
Answer:
A) They have low-maintenance and are easy to keep track of for mutations.
B) The deduction can be "Single Gene Mutation"
Explanation:
After examining the example given in the question on Neurospora crassa and the details about how they reproduce, the following points can be made regarding the questions;
A) It is stated that they form a colony in time and that they are asexual spores and the first reason to choose them would be because they contain somatic cells (which refer to the cells other than reproductive cells) and non-motile gonidia which can multiply by dividing themselves and these properties make the colony's maintenance easy. And since they multiply by division, it is easier to keep track of the occuring mutations.
B) Given the information in the question that the mating is between an albino strain and a wild type, and then between two albino strains which have the same genotype. The results indicate that the strains have gone through single gene mutation during the process.
I hope this answer helps.
Answer:
a) Neurospora crassa lends itself well to its use as a model organism due to this two reasons:
-It is asexual.
It can reproduce in the absence of a partner. This characteristic nature makes it inexpensive to use.
-It shows rapid growth rate.
This nature makes it easy to study how it reproduce and its mutations without the need to wait a prolonged time for the maturation of offspring.
b) we can deduce about the mutations on each of the albino strains as each one of it is a singular gene mutation. Multiple gene mutations will lead to reduced wild type progeny.
The ecological perspective emphasizes the dynamic interactions between people and their environment. Gitterman (2014) explains that many of the problems faced by people " are outcomes of complex ecological chains that include attributes of the individual's ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ and ___________ ___________.
Answer:
Psychology, social, communal, physical, economic and political
Explanation:
Gitterman (2014) explains that many of the problems faced by people " are outcomes of complex ecological chains that include attributes of the individual's, psychology, social, communal, physical, economic and political behaviours.
Answer:
The correct answer is "genetic, biophychosocial makeup, recreational resources general culture and subculture, social class and the overall polity"
Explanation:
According to the book of Alex Gitterman and Carel B. Germain "The Life Model of Social Work Practice. Advances in Theory and Practice", many problems that people face respect to ecology are determined by "attributes of the individual's genetic, biophychosocial makeup, recreational resources general culture and subculture, social class and the overall polity". In this book the authors explain how social pathologies are developed respect to the individual attributes and the ecological perspective of these pathologies.
Recovery periods following each action potential help prevent propagation of the action potential in the wrong direction. A recovery period in which the axon is not responsive to any strength of stimulus is called _______.
Answer:
Refractory period
Explanation:
The refractory period is the time interval after the beginning of an action potential. During this time, neurons can not fire the next action potential irrespective of the presence of a threshold stimulus. This occurs so as to ensure the unidirectional flow of the nerve impulses. The absolute refractory period occurs when the Na+ channels are activated and then inactivated. These inactive channels are required to resume the resting stage before they can reopen.
Imagine that you are observing an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the lab. Every time you add more enzyme, the reaction rate increases proportionally until the reaction rate suddenly levels off. No other chemicals were added, and no modifications were made in the experimental setting. Why do you think the reaction rate stopped increasing?
The rate of reaction stops increasing because there is no substrate left to bound with an enzyme to increase the rate of reaction.
What is an enzyme?An enzyme is a substance that increases the rate of reaction by catalyzing the reaction.
The enzyme is called a biological catalyst.
Enzyme work when it combines with the substrate of the reaction to make products.
When the enzyme is added, the rate of reaction increase because it fastens the reactions.
But when the substrate is converted into a product and there is no substrate left to combine with enzyme the rate of reaction stop increasing.
Thus, The rate of reaction stops increasing because there is no substrate left to bound with an enzyme to increase the rate of reaction.
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Final answer:
The reaction rate stops increasing due to enzyme saturation, where all enzyme active sites are fully occupied and cannot bind additional substrates, causing the rate to level off despite more enzyme being added.
Explanation:
The reason the reaction rate stops increasing even with the addition of more enzyme is due to enzyme saturation. At a certain point, all active sites of the enzyme molecules are occupied by the substrate, and they are unable to bind to any additional substrate molecules until the existing substrate is converted into product and released. This phenomenon is known as enzyme saturation, and it explains why the reaction rate levels off. It indicates that the enzymes are working at their maximum capacity, and any further increase in substrate concentration cannot enhance the reaction rate any further.
In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer?
A. The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein.
B. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than non-resistant corn borers.
C. The corn borers must experience unlimited success in their ability to survive or reproduce.
D. The corn borers must experience no success in their ability to survive or reproduce.
E. The corn borer must lack variation in resistance to the toxic protein.
Answer:
a. The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein.
b. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers.
Explanation:
When there is a change in the surroundings of organisms, some genetic variations become beneficial to the organisms. Natural selection favors the organisms having these genetic variations.
The development of resistance in the corn borer population requires the presence of the gene for the resistance in the population. If there is no gene already present in the population, there should be a mutation to give rise to such gene/s. The corn borers having this gene should be able to survive better in the presence of the toxic protein and should leave more progeny in order to increase the frequency of the gene in the population over the generations.
Final answer:
The conditions necessary for evolution of resistance to a) the toxic protein in corn borers are heritable variation in resistance and differential survival or b) reproductive success of the resistant individuals compared to non-resistant ones.
Explanation:
In the context of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and pest resistance, the evolution of resistance to a toxic protein in corn borers would require the following conditions:
The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein.
The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than non-resistant corn borers.
These conditions align with the principles of natural selection, where genetic variation and differential survival or reproductive success lead to the evolution of certain traits within a population. The specific statements A and B in the student's question are necessary for resistance to evolve in the corn borer population exposed to genetically engineered corn expressing Bt toxin. However, condition C is not necessary as success in survival or reproduction need not be unlimited; it only has to be greater in resistant individuals compared to non-resistant ones. Condition D would actually prevent the evolution of resistance, and condition E lacks the required variation for natural selection to occur.