Gastric juice is made up of substances secreted from parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous‑secreting cells. The cells secrete HCl , proteolytic enzyme zymogens, mucin, and intrinsic factor. The p H of gastric juice is acidic, between 1–3. If the p H of gastric juice is 2.2 , what is the amount of energy ( Δ G ) required for the transport of hydrogen ions from a cell (internal p H of 7.4) into the stomach lumen? Assume that the potential difference across the membrane separating the cell and the interior of the stomach is − 60.0 mV (inside of the cell is negative relative to the lumen of the stomach). Assume that the temperature is 37 °C. The Faraday constant is 96.5 kJ / ( V ⋅ mol ) and the gas constant is 8.314 × 10 − 3 kJ / ( mol ⋅ K ) . Express your answer in kilojoules per mole.

Answer : The ratio of the protonated to the deprotonated form of the acid is, 100

Explanation : Given,

[tex]pK_a=8.0[/tex]

pH = 6.0

To calculate the ratio of the protonated to the deprotonated form of the acid we are using Henderson Hesselbach equation :

[tex]pH=pK_a+\log \frac{[Salt]}{[Acid]}[/tex]

[tex]pH=pK_a+\log \frac{[Deprotonated]}{[Protonated]}[/tex]

Now put all the given values in this expression, we get:

[tex]6.0=8.0+\log \frac{[Deprotonated]}{[Protonated]}[/tex]

[tex]\frac{[Deprotonated]}{[Protonated]}=0.01[/tex]  

As per question, the ratio of the protonated to the deprotonated form of the acid will be:

[tex]\frac{[Protonated]}{[Deprotonated]}=100[/tex]  

Therefore, the ratio of the protonated to the deprotonated form of the acid is, 100

The ratio of the protonated to the deprotonated form of the acid in the solution is 100:1.

The ratio of the protonated to the deprotonated form of the acid is given by the equation:

[tex]\[ \text{Ratio} = \frac{[\text{A}^-]}{[\text{HA}]} = 10^{(\text{pH} - \text{pKa})} \][/tex]

Given that the pKa of the acid is 8.0 and the pH of the solution is 6.0, we can plug these values into the equation:

[tex]\[ \text{Ratio} = \frac{[\text{A}^-]}{[\text{HA}]} = 10^{(6.0 - 8.0)} \] \[ \text{Ratio} = \frac{[\text{A}^-]}{[\text{HA}]} = 10^{-2} \] \[ \text{Ratio} = \frac{[\text{A}^-]}{[\text{HA}]} = \frac{1}{100} \][/tex]

Therefore, the ratio of the deprotonated form to the protonated form of the acid is 1:100. To find the ratio of the protonated to the deprotonated form, we take the reciprocal of this value:

[tex]\[ \text{Ratio of protonated to deprotonated} = \frac{[\text{HA}]}{[\text{A}^-]} = 100:1 \][/tex]

The answer is: 100:1.

Answer: the molecular formula is C10H20O

Explanation:Please see attachment for explanation

Answer:Hydrogen is placed such because it exhibits some similar characteristics of both group1 and group VII elements.

Explanation:

The reason why hydrogen is similar to group 1 metals:

#It has same valence electron and inorder achieve octet state it can lose that electron and forms H+ ion

#It acts as a good reducing agent similar to group1 metals

#It can also halides

Similarity to halogens:

#hydrogen can also gain one electron to gain noble gas configuration. It can combine with other non metals to form molecules with covalent bonding.

#It exists as diatomin molecule,H2

#Have the same electronegativity nature

#its reaction with other metal

Answer: option A. volume

Explanation:

Final answer:

Heptane was used as the solvent instead of diethyl ether because it has a lower boiling point, does not react with the alkenes formed in the experiment, and does not evaporate as fast.

Explanation:

In this experiment, heptane was used as the solvent instead of diethyl ether for several reasons:

Answer:

74.344 kJ.

Explanation:

Below is an attachment containing the solution.

Answer: The molar mass of unknown molecule is 157.07 g/mol

Explanation:

The equation used to calculate relative lowering of vapor pressure follows:

[tex]\frac{p^o-p_s}{p^o}=i\times \chi_{solute}[/tex]

where,

[tex]\frac{p^o-p_s}{p^o}[/tex] = relative lowering in vapor pressure

i = Van't Hoff factor = 1 (for non electrolytes)

[tex]\chi_{solute}[/tex] = mole fraction of solute = ?

[tex]p^o[/tex] = vapor pressure of pure acetone = 400 torr

[tex]p_s[/tex] = vapor pressure of solution = 361.8 torr

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]\frac{400-361.8}{400}=1\times\chi_{A}\\\\\chi_{A}=0.0955[/tex]

This means that 0.0955 moles of unknown molecule is present in the solution

To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]  

Moles of unknown molecule = 0.0955 moles

Mass of unknown molecule = 15.0 grams

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]0.0955mol=\frac{15.0g}{\text{Molar mass of unknown molecule}}\\\\\text{Molar mass of unknown molecule}=\frac{15.0g}{0.0955mol}=157.07g/mol[/tex]

Hence, the molar mass of unknown molecule is 157.07 g/mol

Answer:

Calculate the atomic radii of two touching or overlapping atoms.

Explanation:

No doubt, we can't find the atomic boundary of a single atom, but when atoms are in the form of pairs it becomes very easy to measure the atomic radii of two and then dividing it by 2 to get an estimate of atomic radius of a single atom.

It is also called as covalent radius which is half of the total inter-nuclear distance between two same bonded atoms (Homo-nuclear).

If two adjacent mettalic ions are joined by such pairing then the same half of the distance between the nucleus is termed as metallic radii.

Final answer:

The rate law and the Arrhenius equation help calculate the ratio of rate constants for reactions with similar frequency factors. In this case, with identical frequency factors, the ratio of the rate constants is 1.

Explanation:

The rate law for a reaction:

rate = k[A] [B]

The Arrhenius equation:

k = Ae(-Ea/RT)

For the given question:

Given k1 and k2 are the same, k1/k2 = 1.

The ratio of rate constants depends on the exponential term in the Arrhenius equation, specifically the difference in activation energies. If the activation energies are very close, the ratio [tex]\( \frac{k_1}{k_2} \)[/tex] will be close to 1, indicating similar rate constants for the two reactions at 25 °C.

The ratio of reaction rate constants [tex](\(k_1/k_2\))[/tex] for two reactions with similar frequency factors can be expressed using the Arrhenius equation, which relates the rate constant (k) to temperature. The Arrhenius equation is given by:

[tex]\[ k = A \cdot e^{-\frac{E_a}{RT}} \][/tex]

Where:

- ( k ) is the rate constant,

- ( A) is the frequency factor (pre-exponential factor),

- ( E_a ) is the activation energy,

- ( R ) is the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K)),

- ( T ) is the temperature in Kelvin.

Assuming the frequency factors[tex](\( A_1 \) and \( A_2 \))[/tex] are the same, the ratio of rate constants [tex](\( \frac{k_1}{k_2} \))[/tex] can be simplified to the ratio of the exponential term:

[tex]\[ \frac{k_1}{k_2} = e^{-\frac{E_{a1} - E_{a2}}{RT}} \][/tex]

Given that the reactions are at 25 °C (298 K), the ratio [tex]\( \frac{k_1}{k_2} \)[/tex]will depend on the difference in activation energies [tex](\( E_{a1} - E_{a2} \)).[/tex]

Answer:

Partial pressure of NO2 = 0.37 atm

Partial pressure of N2O4 = 0.13 atm

Explanation:

Number of moles of NO2 = mass/MW = 15.2g/46g/mole = 0.33 mole

Volume of flask = 10L

1 mole of the mixture of gas contains 22.4L of the gas

10L of the gas contains 10/22.4 mole = 0.45 mole

Total mole of gas mixture in the tank = 0.45 mole

Total pressure of the system = 0.5atm

Partial pressure of NO2 = 0.33mole/0.45mole × 0.5atm = 0.37 atm

Partial pressure of N2O4 = 0.5atm - 0.37atm = 0.13atm

Answer: The solubility of ethylene gas in water is [tex]9.16\times 10^{-2}g/L[/tex]

Explanation:

To calculate the molar solubility, we use the equation given by Henry's law, which is:

[tex]C_{C_2H_4}=K_H\times p_{C_2H_4}[/tex]

where,

[tex]K_H[/tex] = Henry's constant = [tex]4.78\times 10^{-3}mol/L.atm[/tex]

[tex]C_{C_2H_4}[/tex] = molar solubility of ethylene gas = ?

[tex]p_{C_2H_4}[/tex] = partial pressure of ethylene gas = 0.684 atm

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]C_{C_2H_4}=4.78\times 10^{-3}mol/L.atm\times 0.684atm\\\\C_{C_2H_4}=3.27\times 10^{-3}mol/L[/tex]

Converting this into grams per liter, by multiplying with the molar mass of ethylene:

Molar mass of ethylene gas = 28 g/mol

So, [tex]C_{C_2H_6}=3.27\times 10^{-3}mol/L\times 28g/mol=9.16\times 10^{-2}g/L[/tex]

Hence, the solubility of ethylene gas in water is [tex]9.16\times 10^{-2}g/L[/tex]

The solubility of ethylene in water at 25 °C with a partial pressure of 0.684 atm is approximately 0.0919 grams per liter.

To calculate the solubility of ethylene in water, we can use Henry's Law. Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. The equation is given by:

S = kH * P

Where:

First, we can calculate the solubility of ethylene in units of moles per liter:

S = (4.78×10-3 mol/L·atm) * (0.684 atm) = 0.00327 mol/L

Then, we can convert the solubility to grams per liter using the molar mass of ethylene:

Molar mass of C2H4 = 2(12.01 g/mol) + 4(1.01 g/mol) = 28.05 g/mol

Grams/Liter = (0.00327 mol/L) * (28.05 g/mol) = 0.0919 g/L

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Explanation:

For the given values of [tex]K_{a}[/tex] we will have the values of [tex]pK[/tex] as follows.

As,        [tex]pK_{a} = -log K_{a}[/tex]

Therefore,

     [tex]pK_{a1}[/tex] = 2.15,     [tex]pK_{a2}[/tex] = 7.20

      [tex]pK_{a3}[/tex] = 12.38

Now, at pH 6.50

      [tex]H_{3}PO_{4} \rightarrow H_{2}PO^{-}_{4} + H^{+}[/tex];   [tex]K_{a1}[/tex]

At pH = 2.15;  [tex]H_{3}PO_{4} = H_{2}PO^{-}_{4}[/tex]

       [tex]H_{2}PO^{-}_{4} \rightarrow HPO^{2-}_{4} + H^{+}[/tex];  [tex]K_{a2}[/tex]

At pH 7.20;  [tex]H_{2}PO^{-}_{4} = HPO^{2-}_{4}[/tex]

        [tex]HPO^{2-}_{4} \rightarrow PO^{3-}_{4} + H^{+}[/tex];     [tex]K_{a3}[/tex]

Hence, we can conclude that most abundant species is [tex]H_{2}PO^{-}_{4}[/tex] and the second most abundant species is [tex]HPO^{2-}_{4}[/tex].

Answer :  The Lewis-dot structure of [tex]SO_2[/tex] is shown below.

Explanation :

Lewis-dot structure : It shows the bonding between the atoms of a molecule and it also shows the unpaired electrons present in the molecule.

In the Lewis-dot structure the valance electrons are shown by 'dot'.

The given molecule is, [tex]SO_2[/tex]

As we know that sulfur and oxygen has '6' valence electrons.

Therefore, the total number of valence electrons in [tex]SO_2[/tex] = 6 + 2(6) = 18

According to Lewis-dot structure, there are 8 number of bonding electrons and 10 number of non-bonding electrons.

Now we have to determine the formal charge for each atom.

Formula for formal charge :

[tex]\text{Formal charge}=\text{Valence electrons}-\text{Non-bonding electrons}-\frac{\text{Bonding electrons}}{2}[/tex]

[tex]\text{Formal charge on S}=6-2-\frac{8}{2}=0[/tex]

[tex]\text{Formal charge on }O_1=6-4-\frac{4}{2}=0[/tex]

[tex]\text{Formal charge on }O_2=6-4-\frac{4}{2}=0[/tex]

The concentration of the unknown phosphoric acid solution can be determined using the concept of stoichiometry in titrations. In this case, the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution and the volume used at the equivalence point are known. By using the given information, the concentration of the unknown phosphoric acid solution can be calculated to be approximately 0.150 M.

The concentration of the unknown phosphoric acid solution can be determined using the concept of stoichiometry in titrations. In this case, the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution and the volume used at the equivalence point are known. By using the equation:

NaOH (aq) + H3PO4 (aq) → NaH2PO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

the moles of sodium hydroxide can be determined. Then, by considering the volume and concentration of the phosphoric acid solution, the concentration of the unknown phosphoric acid solution can be calculated. In this case, the concentration of the unknown phosphoric acid solution is approximately 0.150 M.

Answer:

Wavelength = 13492242 nm

Wavelength = 134922420 Å

Explanation:

The relation between frequency and wavelength is shown below as:

[tex]c=frequency\times Wavelength [/tex]

c is the speed of light having value [tex]3\times 10^8\ m/s[/tex]

Given, Frequency = [tex]22.235\ GHz=22.235\times 10^{9}\ Hz[/tex]

Thus, Wavelength is:

[tex]Wavelength=\frac{c}{Frequency}[/tex]

[tex]Wavelength=\frac{3\times 10^8}{22.235\times 10^{9}}\ m[/tex]

[tex]Wavelength=0.013492242\ m=13492242\times 10^{-9}\ m[/tex]

Also, 1 m = [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] nm

So,  

Wavelength = 13492242 nm

Also, 1 m = [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] Å

Wavelength = 134922420 Å

Answer:

.

Explanation:

Answer:

Hund's rule: states that electrons always enter an empty orbital before they pair up.

In this exercise, we notice that orbital p has three suborbitals, then,

we must start filling each suborbitals with one electrons and after that we start to pairing them up.

The result must be,

1st suborbital with 2 electrons

2nd suborbital with 1 electron

3 rd suborbital with 1 electron

Answer:

Explanation:

In the picture you have the answer.

Now, let's analize the structure, so you can know why the structure in the picture is the correct structure.

The aniline is the name that receives the benzene with a NH2 group as one of it's substituent. Now, This group is a really strong activating group and in the nomenclature priority, it has more order priority than any halide.

Now, it says that the chloro it's on the para position. The "para" position in a aromatic ring, in this case, the benzene, refers to the position of this substituent to the first substitued position. In this case, the NH2 it's on the position 1 or carbon 1, the para position, means that it's on position 4 of the ring. The ortho position is carbon 2, and meta position is carbon 3 of the benzene. So, according to this, the p-chloroaniline it's on picture attached.

Explanation:

When we move across a period from left to right then there will occur an increase in electronegativity and also there will occur an increase in non-metallic character of the elements.

As sulfur (S) is a group 16 element and chlorine (Cl) is a group 17 element. Hence, sulfur (S) is more metallic in nature than chlorine.

This means that chlorine (S) is less metallic than chlorine (Cl).

Both indium (I) and aluminium (Al) are group 13 elements. And, when we move down a group then there occur an increase in non-metallic character of the elements. As indium belongs to group 13 and period 5 whereas aluminium belongs to group 13 and period 3.

Therefore, aluminium (Al) is more metallic than indium (In).

Arsenic (Ar) is a group 15 element and bromine (Br) is a group 17 element. Therefore, arsenic is more metallic than bromine.

Final answer:

The most metallic element can be determined by looking at their positions in the periodic table.

Explanation:

The most metallic element can be determined by looking at their positions in the periodic table. Metallic character generally increases going down a group and decreases going across a period. Using this information, we can predict that:

(a) S is more metallic than Cl because S is below Cl in the same group and is further down the periodic table.

(b) In is more metallic than Al because In is below Al in the same group and is further down the periodic table.

(c) Br is more metallic than As because Br is to the left of As in the same period and closer to the metals in the periodic table.

Answer: The vapor pressure of solution is 459.17 mmHg

Explanation:

To calculate the number of moles, we use the equation:

[tex]\text{Number of moles}=\frac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}[/tex]      .....(1)

Given mass of testosterone = 7.752 g

Molar mass of testosterone = 288.4 g/mol

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]\text{Moles of testosterone}=\frac{7.752g}{288.4g/mol}=0.027mol[/tex]

Given mass of diethyl ether = 208.0 g

Molar mass of diethyl ether = 74.12 g/mol

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

[tex]\text{Moles of diethyl ether}=\frac{208.0g}{74.12g/mol}=2.81mol[/tex]

Mole fraction of a substance is calculated by using the equation:

[tex]\chi_A=\frac{n_A}{n_A+n_B}[/tex]

[tex]\chi_{\text{testosterone}}=\frac{n_{\text{testosterone}}}{n_{\text{testosterone}}+n_{\text{diethyl ether}}}[/tex]

[tex]\chi_{\text{testosterone}}=\frac{0.027}{0.027+2.81}\\\\\chi_{\text{testosterone}}=0.0095[/tex]

The formula for relative lowering of vapor pressure will be:

[tex]\frac{p^o-p_s}{p^o}=i\times \chi_{\text{solute}}[/tex]

where,

[tex]p^o[/tex] = vapor pressure of solvent (diethyl ether) = 463.57 mmHg

[tex]p^s[/tex] = vapor pressure of the solution = ?

i = Van't Hoff factor = 1 (for non electrolytes)

[tex]\chi_{\text{solute}}[/tex] = mole fraction of solute (testosterone) = 0.0095

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]\frac{463.57-p^s}{463.57}=1\times 0.0095\\\\p^s=459.17mmHg[/tex]

Hence, the vapor pressure of solution is 459.17 mmHg

Answer:

The complete answer is in the diagram.

Answer:

 [PCl₅]  = 0.336 M

  [Cl₂]  = [PCl₃]  = 0.064 M

Explanation:

We are given the equilibrium constant, kc ,  and the moles of reactants and products. Thus, our strategy here sholud be to express the quantities at equilibrium in terms of its constant by setting up our ICE table helper.

First lets  start by writing the expression for the equilibrium constant:

PCl₃ (g) + Cl₂ (g) ⇄ PCl₅(g)

Kc = [PCl₅] / [Cl₂] / [PCl₃] =83.3

and setup the ICE table

We are given the moles introduced in the 1.00 L vessel, so we can calculate the molarities as M = mol/L

                            [Cl₂]                     [PCl₃]                       [PCl₅]  

i                       0.400 M                 0.400 M                       0

c                          -x                            -x                            +x

e                     0.400 - x                 0.400 - x                     x

x / (0.400 - x )²  = 83.3

(0.16 - 0.8x + x²) x 83.3 = x

13.33 -66.66x + 83.3x² = x

13.33 - 67.66 x + 83.3 x² = 0

Solving the quadratic equation we have x₁ =  0.476 and x₂ = 0.336

The first solution is phisically impossible, since it will give us a negative quantity at equilibrim for the reactants.

With the second solution  x = 0.336, the equilibrium concentrations are:

 [PCl₅]  = 0.336 M

  [Cl₂]  =   [PCl₃]    = 0.400 - 0.336 = 0.064 M

Answer:

56.06 g/mol is the molar mass

Explanation:

Vapor pressure lowering → P° - P' = P° . Xm

Where P° is vapor pressure of pure solvent

P' is vapor pressure of solution

Xm is the mole fraction (moles of solute / total moles)

Total moles = moles of solute + moles of solvent

Let's replace the data.

100 Torr - 87.7 Torr = 100 Torr . Xm

12.3 Torr = 100 Torr . Xm

0.123 = Xm

We know the moles of solvent because we know the molar mass from benzene and its mass in the solution. (mass / molar mass)

100 g / 78 g/mol = 1.28 moles

Let's build the equation where the unknown is the moles of solute

0.123 = moles of solute / moles of solute + 1.28 moles

0.123 (moles of solute + 1.28 moles) = moles of solute

0.123 moles of solute + 0.158 moles = moles of solute

0.158 = 1moles of solute - 0.123moles of solute

0.158 moles = 0.877 moles of solute

0.158 / 0.877 = moles of solute → 0.180

These moles corresponds to 10.1 g of the unknown, non volatile and non electrolyte X compound so:

molar mass (g/mol) → 10.1 g / 0.180 mol = 56.06 g/mol

To calculate the molar mass of the solute, we can use the formula: molar mass = (mass of solute / moles of solute). First, find the moles of solute using the relationship between the freezing point depression and the moles of solute. Next, calculate the molality of the solution using the given freezing point depression constant and mass of the solute, and use that to calculate the moles of solute. Finally, divide the mass of solute by the moles of solute to find the molar mass.

To calculate the molar mass of the solute, we can use the formula:

molar mass = (mass of solute / moles of solute)

We first need to find the moles of solute using the relationship between the freezing point depression and the moles of solute:

ΔTf = Kf * m

where ΔTf is the freezing point depression, Kf is the freezing point depression constant, and m is the molality of the solution.

In this case, we are given that the freezing point depression is 0.40°C, the freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg/mol, and the mass of the solute is 2 grams. We can use these values to calculate the molality of the solution:

m = (ΔTf / Kf)

m = (0.40°C / 5.12 K kg/mol)

m = (0.078125 mol/kg)

Now we can calculate the moles of solute:

moles of solute = (m * mass of solvent)

moles of solute = (0.078125 mol/kg * 0.1 kg)

moles of solute = 0.0078125 mol

Finally, we can calculate the molar mass:

molar mass = (mass of solute / moles of solute)

molar mass = (2 grams / 0.0078125 mol)

molar mass ≈ 256 g/mol

Therefore, the molar mass of the solute, X, is approximately 256 g/mol.

Answer:

To prepare 24 mL of 0.050 M NaOH solution, you would add 4 mL of 0.300 M NaOH stock solution and 20 mL of 0.300 M NaCl solution.

Explanation:

Molarity of the NaOH solution = [tex]M_1=0.300 M[/tex]

Volume of the NaOH solution = [tex]V_1=?[/tex]

Molarity of the NaOH solution after dilution= [tex]M_2=0.050 M[/tex]

Volume of the NaOH solution after dilution= [tex]V_2=24 mmL[/tex]

[tex]M_1V_1=M_2V_2[/tex] (Dilution )

[tex]V_1=\frac{M_2V_2}{M_1}=\frac{0.050 M\times 24 mL}{0.300 M}=4 mL[/tex]

Volume of NaCl solution of 0.300 M = 24 mL - 4 mL = 20 mL

To prepare 24 mL of 0.050 M NaOH solution, you would add 4 mL of 0.300 M NaOH stock solution and 20 mL of 0.300 M NaCl solution.

To prepare 24 mL of 0.050 M NaOH solution, you would add 4 mL of 0.300 M NaOH stock solution and 20 mL of 0.300 M NaCl solution

•Molarity of stock solution (M₁) = 0.3 M

•Molarity of diluted solution (M₂) = 0.05 M

•Volume of diluted solution (V₂) = 24 mL

•Volume of stock solution needed (V₁) =?

Using the dilution formula, the volume of the stock solution needed can be obtained as follow:

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

0.3 × V₁ = 0.05 × 24

0.3 × V₁ = 1.2

Divide both side by 0.3

V₁ = 1.2 / 0.3

V₁ = 4 mL

•Volume of NaOH needed = 4 mL

•Volume of diluted solution of NaOH = 24 mL

•Volume of NaCl needed =?

Volume of NaCl needed = (Volume of diluted solution of Na) – (Volume of NaOH needed)

Volume of NaCl needed = 24 – 4

Volume of NaCl needed = 20 mL

Therefore, we can conclude as follow:

To prepare 24 mL of 0.050 M NaOH solution, you would add 4 mL of 0.300 M NaOH stock solution and 20 mL of 0.300 M NaCl solution.

Learn more about molarity of solution:

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Answer:

(a) Ga (b) Si (d) Te

Explanation:

Paramagnetic are those which has unpaired electrons and diamagnetic are those in which all electrons are paired.

(a) Ga

The electronic configuration is -  

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^63d^{10}4s^24p^1[/tex]

The electrons in 4p orbital = 1 (Unpaired)

Thus, the element is paramagnetic as the electrons are unpaired.

(b) Si

The electronic configuration is -  

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^2[/tex]

The electrons in 3p orbital = 2 (Unpaired)

Thus, the element is paramagnetic as the electrons are unpaired.

(c) Be

The electronic configuration is -  

[tex]1s^22s^2[/tex]

The electrons in 2s orbital = 2 (paired)

Thus, the element is diamagnetic as the electrons are paired.

(d) Te

The electronic configuration is -  

[tex]1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^63d^{10}4s^24p^64d^{10}5s^25p^4[/tex]

The electrons in 5p orbital = 4 (1 pair and 2 Unpaired)

Thus, the element is paramagnetic as the electrons are unpaired.

Answer: 7.35mL

Explanation:

C1 = 3.4M

V1 =?

C2 = 0.25M

V2 = 100mL

C1V1 = C2V2

3.4 x V1 = 0.25 x 100

V1 = (0.25 x 100) /3.4

V1 = 7.35mL

Final answer:

To prepare the desired 100 mL of 0.25 M HNO3 solution, approximately 7.35 mL of the 3.4 M HNO3 stock solution is required, with the remaining volume filled with water for dilution.

Explanation:

To prepare 100 mL of a 0.25 M HNO3 solution from a 3.4 M HNO3 stock solution, we use the dilution formula M1V1 = M2V2, where M1 is the concentration of the stock solution, V1 is the volume of the stock solution needed, M2 is the desired concentration, and V2 is the final volume of the solution.

Here, M1 = 3.4 M, M2 = 0.25 M, and V2 = 100 mL. We need to find V1. Plugging the values into the equation:

V1 = (M2 x V2) / M1

V1 = (0.25 M x 100 mL) / 3.4 M

After calculating, we find that V1 ≈ 7.35 mL. Therefore, you need approximately 7.35 mL of the 3.4 M HNO3 stock solution to prepare the desired 100 mL of 0.25 M HNO3 solution. The rest of the volume up to 100 mL should be filled with distilled water to achieve the correct dilution.

Answer: penetration is the ability of an electron in a given orbital to approach the nucleus closely. Shielding refers to the fact that core electrons reduce the degree of nuclear attraction felt by the orbital electrons. Shielding is the opposite of penetration. The most penetrating orbital is the least screening orbital. The order of increasing shielding effect/decreasing penetration is s<p<d<f.

Explanation:

The order of penetrating power is 1s>2s>2p>3s>3p>4s>3d>4p>5s>4d>5p>6s>4f....

Since the 3p orbital is more penetrating than the 3d orbital, it will lie nearer to the nucleus and thus possess lower energy.

Answer: beta

Explanation: the beta carbon is the second after the alpha carbon( carbon bonding to the functional group)

Answer: (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 14

Explanation:

In the Azimuthal quantum number(l) electrons in a particular subshell (such as s, p, d, or f) are defined by values of l (0, 1, 2, or 3).

s is l=0, p is l=1, d is l=2, f is l=3.

The magnetic quantum number (ml)  The value of ml can range from -l to +l, including zero. Thus the s, p, d, and f subshells contain 1, 3, 5, and 7 orbitals each, with values of m within the ranges 0, ±1, ±2, ±3 respectively. Each shell can have 2 x l + 1 sublevels, and each of these sublevel can accommodate up to two electrons.

(a) n=2, l=1, ml=0. If l=1 then 2 x 1+ 1=3 sublevels, 3*2=6 electrons. When l=1, ml =-1,0,+1, ml=0  accommodate two(2)electrons

(b) 5p. p is l=1  If l=1 then 2 x 1+ 1=3 sublevels, 3*2= electrons. This means in the 5 shell, the p orbital has 3 subshell and accommodate 6 electrons.

(c) n = 4, l = 3 if l=3 then 2 x 3+ 1=7 sublevel 7*2=14 electrons. This means the in the 4 shell, the f orbital has 7 subshell and accomdate 14 elections.

(a) The maximum number of electrons an atom can have with the sublevel designation is 2 electrons.

(b) The maximum number of electrons for p-orbital is 6 electrons.

(c) The maximum number of electrons for f-orbital is 14 electrons.

The energy level of each of an atom with the given sublevel designations determines the maximum number of electrons the atom can occupy.

(a) For n = 2, I = 1, ml = 0,

The energy level is calculated as;

Energy level = 2(1) + 1 = 3 sub-orbtials

= -1  0  1  : ( 2 electrons each)

Thus, the maximum number of electrons an atom can have with the sublevel designation is 2 electrons.

(b) 5p

p-orbital has 3 sub-orbitals and maximum of 6 electrons

(c) n= 4, I = 3

energy level = 2(3) + 1 = 7 sub-orbitals

7 sub-orbitals corresponds f-orbital and it has maximum 14 electrons.

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Answer: The concentration of reactant after the given time is 0.0205 M

Explanation:

Rate law expression for first order kinetics is given by the equation:

[tex]k=\frac{2.303}{t}\log\frac{[A_o]}{[A]}[/tex]

where,  

k = rate constant  = [tex]4.50\times 10^{-3}s^{-1}[/tex]

t = time taken for decay process = 11.0 min = 660 s  (Conversion factor:  1 min = 60 s)

[tex][A_o][/tex] = initial amount of the reactant = 0.400 M

[A] = amount left after decay process =  ?

Putting values in above equation, we get:

[tex]4.50\times 10^{-3}s^{-1}=\frac{2.303}{660s}\log\frac{0.400}{[A]}[/tex]

[tex][A]=0.0205M[/tex]

Hence, the concentration of reactant after the given time is 0.0205 M

Answer:

by experiment only

Explanation:

According to the law of mass action:-

The rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the active concentration of the reactant which each are raised to the experimentally determined coefficients which are known as orders. The rate is determined by the slowest step in the reaction mechanics.

Order of in the mass action law is the coefficient which is raised to the active concentration of the reactants. It is experimentally determined and can be zero, positive negative or fractional.

The order of the whole reaction is the sum of the order of each reactant which is raised to its power in the rate law.

Thus, the exponents in the rate law, the order is determined by experiment only.

Exponents in a rate law can only be determined by experiment, not from the stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction or the molar masses of the compounds.

The exponents in a rate law cannot be determined from the stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction or the molar masses of the compounds. The correct answer is that they can be determined by experiment only. This is because the rate law and its exponents are indicative of the reaction mechanism, or the step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs. These can't usually be predicted just from the overall reaction equation (which provides the stoichiometric coefficients) and require experimental data for determination.

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