Answer:
The answer is angular.
Explanation:
The shank in humans, which is the body part between the ankle and the knee joint, is made up of distinct parts such as Tibia, Soleus Muscle, Gastrocnemius Muscle, The Achilles Tendon etc. and during the act of extending the knee in either direction, the shank undergoes an angular motion with the rest of the leg.
I hope this answer helps.
What is the process that allows mixing the combinations of genes in a single chromosome, resulting in a virtually infinite possible combination of genes?
Answer:
Recombination during meiosis
Explanation:
The mixing of the combination of the genes is the cause of the variation and the genetic diversity on the Earth.
The mixing of genes takes place through the exchange of the gene segment which takes place during the gamete formation through meiosis in the sex cells.
The process which results in the formation of the combination of the genes is known as the recombination which colours during pachytene of meiosis I during which the crossing over between the chromosomes occurs. The exchange of alleles during the crossing over results in the production of a variety of traits and is the cause of biological diversity.
Thus, Recombination during meiosis is the correct answer.
There is a population of beetles that typically have black wings. A scientist studying these beetles knows that their eggs hatch in early spring, the young insects grow through the late spring and summer, they lay eggs in the early fall, and they die in the early winter. Recently some beetles have been born with white wings. Early in life, the black- and white-winged beetles seem to be very similar in number of mating events, eggs laid, and survival rates, but shortly after laying their eggs the white beetles die and there are only black-winged beetles during the late fall. What is a true statement about the beetles?
Answer:
White-and black-winged beetles have equal fitness.
Explanation:
As both the white and black-winged beetles can successfully mate and lay eggs having equal survival rates, this shows that both the kinds of beetles have the same level of fitness in the environment.
The fitness of an organism depends on its ability to survive and reproduce. As the description in the question shows, both the beetles were able to survive and lay eggs in an equal manner. This shows that both the clack and the white-winged beetles have an equal level of fitness.
How do the basic principles of inheritance, identified by Mendel in plants, differ from those in humans?
Answer:
The Mendelian principles of inheritance ARE APPLIED IN HUMANS. Both plants and animalls posseses two alleles (forms) of each gene, and are inherited in Mendelian ways. Some genetic diseases are Mendelian diseases and are inherited according to Mendel laws, those are the diseases caused BY A SINGLE GENE. However, there are multigenic diseases (that involves more than one gene), multifactorial diseases (which involves several genes and environmental factors), and chromosomic diseases (like 21 trisomy) and all of these does not follow the Mendel laws.
Explanation:
You are testing 3 new herbicides, A, B, and C, to control itch grass and to compare the effectiveness of the herbicides with a currently used herbicide, Round-Up, and the treatment with just water. Which of the following is considered as a positive control?
Answer:
Round-Up
Explanation:
In one experiment the positive controls are used in order to validate the evaluation of the test, which is done in this case to measure the effectiveness of the herbicides. The researchers previously found that the herbicide Round-up controls the herb and has a high effectiveness , making this positive positive control be compared with the experimental results. In a positive control we have the desired effect in this case the elimination of grass.
From a throat culture, you have isolated gram-positive cocci that you cannot identify as staphylococci or streptococci. A test for one enzyme can be used to distinguish between these bacteria quickly. What is that enzyme?
Answer:
Catalase
Explanation:
Catalase test is used to detect the presence of enzyme catalase.
Catalase is an enzyme that is formed by microorganism that lives in oxygen saturated environments so that there will be the break down of any toxic that comes with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. This enzymes helps to differentiate catalase producing enzymes like staphylococci from bacteria that produce non-catalase like streptococci
The treelike fibers that receive information and send it toward the neuron's cell body are called ____
Answer:
The treelike fibers that receive information and send it toward the neuron's cell body are called Dendrite
Explanation:
Dendrite:- They are tree like projections generally the extension of nerve cell which helps in the transmission of nerve impulses or electrochemical stimulation from one neuron to another. It is also known as dendrons. For neurons to become active they need some action potential, these action potentials are received in the form of nerve impulses or electrochemical stimulation by dendrite and is been stored in the cell body, or soma, of the neuron. Dendrites are covered by synapses (Structure that permit neural transmission).
The body system seen here protects internal structures, provides support, and allows for movement. But this system does not work alone. In order for humans to move, this system must work together with the __________ system. A) circulatory B) digestive C) muscular D) respiratory
Answer:
C) muscular
Explanation:
The system that provides the support, protects the internal structures and allows the movement is known as the skeletal system composed of the bones.
The skeletal system is unable to perform all the function on its own but is associated with another system called the muscular system composed of various type of muscles especially skeletal muscles and together form the musculoskeletal system.
The association of these system increases the efficiency of each other and thus together support, provides stability and helps in the movement in the body.
Thus, Option-C is the correct answer.
The Punnett square below shows the results of a cross to produce F2
generation plants.
In the F2
generation, what percent of the offspring have white flowers?
Answer:
Your answer is 75%
Explanation:
We know that there is a 25% of purple flower... There is four squares, meaning each square is 25% each. White flowers are "W" and purple is "w". There is a 75% of white flowers.
Final answer:
In Mendelian genetics, crossing two F1 hybrid plants (Bb) predicts that 25% of the F2 generation offspring will have white flowers, due to the recessive white flower trait reappearing in a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes.
Explanation:
In the F2 generation resulting from a cross of two F1 hybrid plants, we can expect 25% of the offspring to have white flowers. This prediction is based on the classic Mendelian genetics experiments conducted by Gregor Mendel. When plants heterozygous for the flower color trait (represented as Bb) are crossed, the resulting Punnett square would showcase a 3:1 ratio of the dominant (purple) to recessive (white) phenotype. Here, we see that predictions indicate that there will be three offspring with the purple-flower phenotype (BB or Bb) for every one offspring with the white-flower phenotype (bb).
Understanding the structural and molecular interactions that induce shape and function for a protein has been an obstacle for some of your students. You decide to plan a lesson to introduce them to the basic amino acid structure and then use that concept to introduce the different levels of protein structure. To reinforce your lesson on amino acids, you need to aid the students in understanding that most naturally occurring amino acids have a shared base structure. Each amino acid has an amine group, an alpha-carbon (or central carbon), an R-side group, and a carboxyl group. The R-side group is what gives each amino acid its distinctive characteristics--for example, whether the amino acid will be acidic or basic, hydrophilic or hydrophobic, or charged.
Answer:
Option D
Explanation:
Complete question -
Choose the statement that does NOT pertain to amino acids.
a. The groups composing an amino acid are located around a central alpha-carbon.
b. All amino acids must contain a nitrogen-based molecule and a carboxylic acid.
c. The R-side group will determine the overall chemical properties of an individual amino acid.
d. Amino acids always contain a sulfur atom in their R-side group.
Solution
The side chain molecules that are attached to carboxylic acid group and amine group attached to the alpha carbon atom of the amino acid structure. These side chain molecules are called as R group. R group compounds are of diverse nature, characteristics and structure. They can be of varied shapes, sizes, charges and chemical reactivities. Some of these R group are soluble in water and some are not. Thus, it is not necessary that amino acids always contain a sulfur atom in their R-side group
Option D is correct
Regulation of an enzyme's activity occurs 1. when the enzyme already exists in the cell. 2. during the production of the enzyme. 3. at any point on the enzymatic production pathway. 4. before the enzyme is produced.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The enzymes has the ability to convert the substrate into products. The rate of the activity of enzymes depends on many factors.The cell can opt for any of the options.
The enzyme activity can be regulated when the enzyme is already been produced into the cell.
It can be mediated by the activators or inhibitors.Activators can bind to to make the enzyme functional, inhibitors,competitive inhibitors et cetera can also bind to the enzyme when it is produced in the cell.
enzyme activity also depends on the type and amount of substrate.
Enzyme activity is regulated within a cell by factors like temperature, pH, location, and through molecules that inhibit or activate the enzymes. The most common method of regulation is feedback inhibition. This regulation ensures the desired reactions occur and the undesired ones are deterred.
Explanation:Regulation of an enzyme's activity in cells occurs at various points. Enzymes are regulated by cellular conditions like temperature and pH. They are also regulated via their location within a cell, with some enzymes compartmentalized to only catalyze reactions under certain circumstances. Enzyme activity can be inhibited or activated by other molecules. Inhibitors can operate competitively, noncompetitively, or allosterically, with noncompetitive inhibitors usually being allosteric. Activators can enhance enzyme function allosterically.
The most common method for regulating enzymes in metabolic pathways is through feedback inhibition. Here, the products of a metabolic pathway act as inhibitors (usually allosteric) of one or more of the enzymes (typically, the first committed enzyme of the pathway) involved in that pathway. This regulation is vital to ensure the desired reactions are catalyzed at a given time in a given cell, and the undesired reactions are not.
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Which defense mechanism underlies all other defense mechanism? rationalization. repression. reaction formation. regression.
Answer:
Repression
Explanation:
Repression, which is keeping to ones self disturbing thoughts. It is a form of defence mechanism that underlies all other defence mechanisms
Rationalization is the defense mechanism that underlies all other defense mechanisms. It involves justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons.
Explanation:The defense mechanism that underlies all other defense mechanisms is rationalization. Rationalization is the process of justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less-acceptable real reasons. It allows individuals to avoid facing the true reasons for their actions or thoughts and helps reduce anxiety and protect their self-image.
For example, imagine someone who fails a test and instead of acknowledging their lack of preparation, they rationalize their poor performance by blaming the difficulty of the test or the teacher's unfair grading.
Rationalization plays a crucial role in defending the ego and preserving a person's self-esteem and identity.
A bacterium was grown in two test tubes filled with media rich in glucose. One tube was sealed to produce anaerobic conditions, and the other was not. A third uninoculated, unsealed tube was used as a control. Glucose utilization by this bacterium causes acid production, which is indicated by a lightening of the media color. If the bacterium is able to produce ATP only by aerobic respiration, we expect lightening of media in ________.a. lightening of media in the sealed tube only b. lightening of media in the unsealed tube only c. lightening of media in the sealed and unsealed tubes only d. lightening of media in the control tube only
Answer:
The correct answer is: b. lightening of media in the unsealed tube only.
Explanation:
According to the question, the bacteria can undergo only aerobic respiration, that is it can produce its energy, that is, ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, only in the presence of oxygen.The unsealed tube allowed air or oxygen to pass into it which can be used by the bacteria for its respiration. In the process, it will produce acid that will cause the media colour to lighten.The sealed tube do not allow any oxygen to pass into it. As the given bacteria can undergo only aerobic respiration but not anaerobic respiration, in absence of oxygen it will not be able to undergo respiration and produce energy and acid. Hence, the media colour will remain unchanged.The control tube is used to check the sterility of the media.Final answer:
Lightening of media due to glucose utilization by aerobic respiration is expected in the unsealed test tube only, which allows for the presence of oxygen necessary for the bacterium that relies strictly on aerobic processes. (option b)
Explanation:
If the bacterium is able to produce ATP only by aerobic respiration, then we would expect lightening of the media, which indicates acid production due to glucose utilization, only in the unsealed test tube where oxygen is available.
Oxygen is a requirement for aerobic respiration, and in the sealed test tube, anaerobic conditions are present, which would not support the growth of a bacterium that relies strictly on aerobic processes. Therefore, the correct answer is that we expect lightening of media in the unsealed tube only.
Which region of your midbrain plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when, for example, in the dark of your apartment you accidentally stumble over your roommate who has passed out on the floor?
Answer:
The brainstem reticular formation( BRF) is not a different structure in the brain but is distributed throughout the core of the brainstem.
It is dessipiated from medulla into the midbrain. It plays a major role in the arousal and consciousness of the brain.
It also keep the body alert in conditions such as moving in dark, moving on stairs.
It also controls the movements and sensation and visceral functions.
A 14-year-old boy describes himself as feeling "down" all of the time for the past year. He remembers feeling better while he was at camp for 4 weeks during the summer; however, the depressed mood returned when he came home. He reports poor concentration, feelings of hopelessness, and low self-esteem but denies suicidal ideation or changes in his appetite or sleep. What is the most likely diagnosis?
The question is incomplete as it does not have the option which are:
1. Major depressive disorder
2. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
3. depressive disorder with short duration hypomania
4. Dysthymia
5. Schizoaffective disorder
Answer:
4. Dysthymia
Explanation:
Dysthymia or persistent depressive disorder is a long term depression disorder or mood which leads to the symptoms of depression like a sad mood which directly affects the social life like in school or at home or work.
The person with dysthymia feel low-self esteem, inadequate and lose interest in normal activities and the symptoms may last for a year but the symptoms continuously do not last for more than two months.
In the given question, the boy feels that he feels down, depressed mood, hopelessness which are the symptoms of the dysthymia in the early stages.
Thus, Option-4 is the correct answer.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. The frequency of homozygotes with this disorder is 0.0001. What percentage of the population is heterozygous?
Answer: The percentage of heterozygous population is 99%
Explanation:
According to the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation, the homozygous recessive individuals are represented by the q^2 term
Thus, q^2 = 0.0001
q = √0.0001 = 0.01 or 1%
Now, to calculate the percentage of heterozygous individuals in the population: subtract percentage of homozygotes from 100%
i.e 100% - 1% = 99%
Therefore, the percentage of heterozygous population is 99%. Also, this means 1 out of 100 people in the population suffer from Phenylketonuria (PKU).
Final answer:
The percentage of the population that is heterozygous for Phenylketonuria (PKU), given a homozygote frequency of 0.0001, is 1.98%. This calculation is based on the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
Explanation:
The student has asked about the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for Phenylketonuria (PKU), given that the frequency of homozygotes with this disorder is 0.0001. To solve for the heterozygous frequency, we can use the Hardy-Weinberg principle. This principle states that p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, where p and q represent the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles, respectively. Given that q2 (homozygous recessive) equals 0.0001, we can calculate q as the square root of 0.0001, which is 0.01. Therefore, p (frequency of the dominant allele) equals 1 - 0.01 = 0.99. The frequency of heterozygotes (2pq) is then calculated as 2 * 0.99 * 0.01 = 0.0198 or 1.98% of the population.
This shows that 1.98% of the population is heterozygous for PKU. Such individuals carry one mutant allele for PKU but generally do not exhibit symptoms of the disorder. However, they can pass the allele to their offspring, contributing to the genetic diversity and the occurrence of the disorder in the population.
Natural selection favors copper tolerance in all soils near the old mine, not only in the contaminated soils. Nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing in copper-contaminated soil are copper tolerant. Copper contamination in the soil created copper-tolerant plants.
1. If you were to test monkey flowers growing on the shore of the lake, you would expect nearly 100% of them to be copper tolerant.
2. Copper-tolerant plants are found only in contaminated soils.
3. The population that existed before mining must have included both copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant plants.
Answer:
The population that existed before mining must have included both copper tolerant and copper intolerant
Explanation:
Natural selection is a form of evolution where individuals having a certain variation gives them an advantage at survival and reproduction compared to the ones that do not have the variation.
For natural selection to occur, the variation should initially be present in the population.
Therefore, for this population of Monkey flowers growing in a copper -contaminated soil. The population must have included both the copper tolerant and the copper intolerant plants before mining.
The subject question, rooted in Biology, addresses the concept of copper tolerance in monkey flowers affected by mining activities. It concerns evolutionary biology and ecology, with a focus on how plant populations adapt to soil with varying copper concentrations. The idea of natural selection and the genetic diversity of populations prior to mining are central themes.
The question given is related to evolution and ecology, two major areas within the subject of Biology. The scenario described involves copper tolerance in monkey flowers growing near an old mine. Because of natural selection, plants develop resistance to contaminants like toxic metals, but this resistance might come with decreased adaptability to uncontaminated soils. The process of disruptive selection leads to the divergence of plant populations based on their resistance to certain environmental factors, such as copper concentration in the soil.
The answers to the statements posed in the question are as follows:
It is possible, but not certain, that nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing on the shore of the lake would be copper tolerant, as copper contamination could spread to various areas, but other factors such as seed dispersal mechanisms and the history of contamination exposure play significant roles.Copper-tolerant plants are not found only in contaminated soils, as there can be gene flow between populations, but they are likely more common in areas where copper tolerance provides a survival advantage.The original population of plants before mining began likely contained genetic variation, including both copper-tolerant and non-tolerant individuals, as variation is essential for natural selection to occur.Micronutrients like copper are necessary for plant growth but can be toxic in high concentrations. Natural phenomena and human activities can change the content and distribution of these nutrients. In response, plants may undergo evolutionary adaptations, developing mechanisms to thrive in altered environments. A study of willows in contaminated soils revealed the importance of the soil-associated microbiome in plant health and disease resistance.
The lumper potatoes that were grown in Ireland during the 1800s were essentially clones of one another. They all had the same genetic makeup. So, when a potato blight disease began infecting the potatoes, it spread to all potatoes equally. How could greater genetic diversity have lessened the devastation of the potato blight? A. Some potatoes would be more likely to have a genetic resistance to the disease and survive. B. The potatoes would have been able to trade genes so that they could survive the disease. C. More of the potatoes would have been edible varieties. D. None of the potatoes would have been infected by the disease.
Answer:
some potatoes would be more likely to have genetic resistance to the disease and survive.
Greater genetic diversity could have lessened the devastation of the potato blight by allowing some potatoes to have genetic resistance to the disease and survive.
Explanation:Greater genetic diversity could have lessened the devastation of the potato blight in several ways:
A. Some potatoes would be more likely to have a genetic resistance to the disease and survive.B. The potatoes would have been able to trade genes so that they could survive the disease.By having a greater genetic diversity, there would be a higher chance of some potatoes having natural resistance to the disease, and they could pass on their resistance to future generations through gene exchange.
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What organ found in mangrove roots allows diffusion and transport of oxygen to underground root systems in the anaerobic mud?
Answer:
Lenticels found in mangrove roots allows diffusion and transport of oxygen to underground root systems in the anaerobic mud.
Explanation:
Lenticels are the small pores located on the aerial roots responsible for the gaseous exchange ( intake of oxygen ).
The Mangrove species contain a very large number of lenticels surround their roots and stems helping in the gaseous exchange ( respiration ) even in the anaerobic mud as he lenticels are surrounded by tide, as the root pressure begins to drop. When the tide goes down , air is again sucked in the aerenchym.
As in the anaerobic mud , their specialized roots allow mangroves to grow in anaerobic situations .
what are the three basic types of hormones? which stimulate membrane-bound receptors only? which stimulate nuclear receptors only?
Answer:
Three basic types of hormones are as follows :
1) Lipid derived hormones (steroid)
2) Amino acid derived hormones (amines)
3) Peptide/protien hormones
Hormones stimulating membrane bound receptors only :Peptide/protien hormones bind the membrane bound receptors only. Receptors for the peptide hormones are present only on the plasma membrane.
Hormones which stimulate nuclear receptors only :Steroid hormones bind to the nuclear receptors only.
Two animals are considered members of different species if they __________.
a. look different
b. cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring
c. live in different habitats are geographically
d. isolated are members of different populations
Answer:
The correct answer is b. cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring
Explanation:
According to the biological species concept, the population of organisms that interbreed with each other and produce viable and fertile offspring is considered as a species.
This means the member of species can interbreed with each other which results in viable and reproductively healthy offspring. So if two animals are not able to mate and produce viable and fertile offspring than those animals are not considered as the same species. Therefore the correct answer is b.
Final answer:
Animals belong to different species if they cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring, according to the biological species concept, which prioritizes reproductive isolation over physical or habitat differences.
Explanation:
Two animals are considered members of different species if they cannot mate and produce viable, fertile offspring. The biological species concept defines a species as a group of individuals that actually or potentially interbreed in nature. Thus, if two animals do not interbreed in nature, or if they do but their offspring are sterile or do not survive (are not viable), they are considered different species. This definition emphasizes reproductive isolation as the primary criterion for species distinctions and does not rely solely on physical appearance or habitat differences, although these can be indicators of species separations as well.
Josiah says this is a phylogenetic tree of the dinosaurs. Maleek says it is a cladogram of the dinosaurs. Who is correct? Josiah is correct. Maleek is correct. Both are correct. Neither is correct.
Answer:
both are correct
Explanation:
Both Josiah and Maleek are right because a cladogram is a diagram that represents a particular class of phylogenetic trees.
What is a cladogram?A cladogram is a diagram that may be used to represent evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms or taxonomic groups.
In this case, dinosaurs represent a particular taxonomic group (reptiles) whose evolution can be schematized by a cladogram or phylogenetic tree.The phylogenetic trees are based on different types of evidence including, among others, molecular evidence (DNA sequences) and morphological datasets.In conclusion, both Josiah and Maleek are right because a cladogram is a diagram that represents a particular class of phylogenetic trees.
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Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, ete.) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is (are) true? 1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated 2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods. 3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods. 4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts. 5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized A) 1 only B) 1 and 5 C) 2 and 4 D) 2 and 5 2. Gymnosperms differ from both extinct and extant (living) ferns because they A) are woody B) have macrophylls. C) have pollen. D) have sporophylls.
Answer:
1. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods
2.C) have pollen
Explanation:
1. When the ovules are not fertilized by pollen, they do not become seeds and remain immature ovules as with legumes.The flower of the legumes has several ovules, the pollen tube is the one that opens the way for the fertilization of each ovule.
2. Gimnosperms reproduce by pollen that is transported mainly by the wind and fertilizes the ovule to give rise to a bare seed, Unlike ferns that reproduce by spores that are found in soros under their leaves and are characterized by having alternation of generations.
An increase in the concentration of enzyme will increase the reaction rate. An increase in the concentration of enzyme will increase the reaction rate. True False
Answer:
TRUEExplanation:
Normally , substrates bind to the active site of the enzyme and catalyzes the reaction.
If there is sufficient amount of enzyme present, the reaction rate increases, because additional active sites could speed up the reaction. As the amount of enzyme is increased , the rate of reaction increases.
If there is insufficient amount of enzyme present , The reaction rate increases , but not so fast as it otherwise would.
Hence the statement an increase in the concentration of enzyme will increase the reaction rate is true.
Continuous with the outer portion of the nuclear pore, what membrane-bound structure functionsin the synthesis of secretory proteins, integral membrane proteins, or proteins bound for other organelles?
A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) lysosome
C) nucleolus
D) mitochondria
E) smooth endoplasmic
Answer:
Option A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Explanation:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions in the synthesis of secretory proteins, integral membrane proteins, or proteins bound for other organelles. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is named for its rough appearance, which is due to the ribosomes attached to its outer (cytoplasmic) surface. The ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum specialize in the synthesis of proteins that possess a signal sequence that directs them specifically to the endoplasmic reticulum for processing.
Children's tendency to classify toys and songs as either masculine or feminine is most likely to facilitate the process of __________. a. maturation. b. conservation. c. individualism. d. imprinting. e. gender typing.
Answer:
E. gender typing
Explanation:
Gender typing is associtating an object, song, or etc, with a certain gender, or masc or fem. Hope this helps!
Yellow pea color (A) is dominant to green pea color (a). Smooth pea texture (B) is dominant to wrinkled pea texture (b). If parent #1 is homozygous green and heterozygous smooth and parent #2 is homozygous yellow and homozygous wrinkled, what is the probability that the offspring will have yellow, smooth peas? Enter a number 0–100.
Answer:
50%
Explanation:
The genotype of the parent #1 who is homozygous green and heterozygous smooth would be= aaBb and that of the parent #2 who is homozygous yellow and homozygous wrinkled would be=AAbb. A cross between aaBb and AAbb would produce progeny in the following phenotype ratio=
1/2 yellow and smooth: 1/2 yellow and wrinkled.
Therefore, the probability that the offspring will have yellow, smooth peas is 1/2 or 50%
The Golgi complex functions to:______
A) modify and secrete proteins to the external environment.
B) sort proteins used within the cell.
C) both modify and sort proteins into those destined for secretion and those that function in membrane structures.
D) synthesize proteins.
Answer:
C) both modify and sort proteins into those destined for secretion and those that function in membrane structures.
Explanation:
Golgi apparatus is a single membrane-bound structure that is composed of the membrane-bound flattened sac which is called cisternae.
Golgi apparatus is the side of protein sorting, modification, and packaging. The protein which is made in the endoplasmic reticulum enters into Golgi where its modification like sulfation, glycosylation, etc takes place.
Then this protein is packed into vesicle and send to their destination like towards cell membrane, lysosome, etc. So the right answer is C.
You take a human smooth muscle cell and block the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. What effect does that have on contraction of that smooth muscle cell, and why?
Answer:
Even after block the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum ,the contraction still occurs.
The reason is that the calcium ions (Ca+2) can enter the cell directly through L-type voltage gated Calcium channels in the plasma membrane and bind to calmodulin ,forming calcium-calmodulin complex.
Explanation:
The contraction in smooth muscle is quiet different than that in the skeletal muscle. ( In the smooth muscles , calcium enters from outside as well alongwith the calcium coming from sarcoplasmic reticulum while in skeletal muscles , calcium comes only from the sarcoplasmic reticulum )
In the case of smooth muscle , the L-type voltage-gated calcium channels are located on the plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells. As these channels open , the calcium ions rush inside the smooth muscle cell and bind the calmodulin forming the calcium calmodulin complex. This complex then binds to the myosin light chain kinase enzyme and causes the phosphorylation of the myosin light chains resulting in the contraction.
When the release of the calcium is blocked from the sarcoplasmic reticulum then the contraction of the smooth muscle cells still continues and will not get stopped. Thus, option E is correct.
What are smooth muscle cells?The complete question is: You take a human smooth muscle cell and block the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. What effect does that have on the contraction of that smooth muscle cell, and why?
A. Contraction is completely blocked because calcium binding to troponin is required for contraction.
B. Contraction still occurs because Ca2+ can enter the cell directly through Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane and bind to troponin.
C. Contraction is completely blocked because calcium binding to calmodulin is required for contraction.
D. Contraction still occurs because the contraction in smooth muscle is completely independent of Ca2+ levels.
E. Contraction still occurs because Ca2+ can enter the cell directly through Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane and bind to calmodulin.
Smooth muscles are spindle-shaped muscles that have an elongated nucleus and are present in the organs like the liver, intestines, and the pancreas. The calcium ions enter the muscle cells directly through the L-type voltage-gated calcium channels.
The calcium from the outside of the cells enters the smooth muscles and binds with the calmodulin resulting in the calcium calmodulin complex. This further gets binds to the kinase enzyme and initiates the phosphorylation leading to the contraction.
Therefore, option E. the blocking of the calcium does not stop the contraction.
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Sonal is at a brain research center, participating in a study. She is hooked up to a machine that measures electrical activity in her brain through the use of electrodes attached to her scalp. Which technique is the researcher using with Sonal?answer choicesA) EEGB) MRIC) fMRID) CT scan
Answer:
The options.
a.Computed tomography
b.Electroencephalography
c.Positron emission tomography
d.Magnetic resonance imagery
imaging
e.Positron emission tomography
The CORRECT ANSWER IS b.
b.Electroencephalography
Explanation:
Electroencephalography is used to determine the electrical activity of brain.
For determining electrical activity, electrodes are bonded to her scalp. An unusual activity of brain e.g. epilepsy, can also be measured by EEG.
The brain is an electrical system as it is a collection of neurons. Neurons interacts with each other through electrical signal.
The electrodes of an EEG measures electrical variation present in thousands of neurons.
The signal communicated by the electrodes is amplified with the aid of an amplifier. Separates maps of brain activity is developed by a computer.
After becoming incontinent of urine, an older client is admitted to a nursing home. The client’s rheumatoid arthritis contributes to severely painful joints. Which need is the primary consideration in the care of this client?
Answer:
A urinary catheter
Explanation:
A urinary catheter is a tube that drains urine from the bladder. It is used in conditions such as incontinence, urinary retention or following a gynecologic surgery.
The urinary catheter, through the opening for the passage of urine called the urethra, is passed into the bladder. The catheter is connected to a bag that collects the urine. This bag could come in a small or a big size, depending on the purpose of usage and the time of the day being used.
The lack of control of urination, coupled with the fact that the client's rheumatoid arthritis makes it more difficult to move, makes an alternative means of passing urine important. The urinary bag does not require any form of movement to be functional therefore, with a urinary catheter and bag, the patient is stable and can effectively be given treatment to alleviate the pain and manage the incontinence.